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	diff --git a/lib/fencing/st_actions.c b/lib/fencing/st_actions.c
	index 5da7acf026..ad7a17ea26 100644
	--- a/lib/fencing/st_actions.c
	+++ b/lib/fencing/st_actions.c
	@@ -1,717 +1,718 @@
	/*
	* Copyright 2004-2025 the Pacemaker project contributors
	*
	* The version control history for this file may have further details.
	*
	* This source code is licensed under the GNU Lesser General Public License
	* version 2.1 or later (LGPLv2.1+) WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY.
	*/

	#include <crm_internal.h>

	#include <stdbool.h>
	#include <stdlib.h>
	#include <stdio.h>
	#include <string.h>
	#include <libgen.h>
	#include <inttypes.h>
	#include <sys/types.h>

	#include <glib.h>
	#include <libxml/tree.h> // xmlNode

	#include <crm/crm.h>
	#include <crm/stonith-ng.h>
	#include <crm/fencing/internal.h>
	#include <crm/common/xml.h>
	#include <crm/services_internal.h>

	#include "fencing_private.h"

	struct stonith_action_s {
	/! user defined data /
	char *agent;
	char *action;
	GHashTable *args;
	int timeout;
	bool async;
	void *userdata;
	void (done_cb) (int pid, const pcmk__action_result_t result,
	void *user_data);
	void (fork_cb) (int pid, void user_data);

	svc_action_t *svc_action;

	/! internal timing information /
	time_t initial_start_time;
	int tries;
	int remaining_timeout;
	int max_retries;

	int pid;
	pcmk__action_result_t result;
	};

	static int internal_stonith_action_execute(stonith_action_t *action);
	static void log_action(stonith_action_t *action, pid_t pid);

	/*!
	* \internal
	* \brief Set an action's result based on services library result
	*
	* \param[in,out] action Fence action to set result for
	* \param[in,out] svc_action Service action to get result from
	*/
	static void
	set_result_from_svc_action(stonith_action_t action, svc_action_t svc_action)
	{
	services__copy_result(svc_action, &(action->result));
	pcmk__set_result_output(&(action->result),
	services__grab_stdout(svc_action),
	services__grab_stderr(svc_action));
	}

	static void
	log_action(stonith_action_t *action, pid_t pid)
	{
	/* The services library has already logged the output at info or debug
	* level, so just raise to warning for stderr.
	*/
	if (action->result.action_stderr != NULL) {
	/* Logging the whole string confuses syslog when the string is xml */
	char *prefix = crm_strdup_printf("%s[%d] stderr:", action->agent, pid);

	crm_log_output(LOG_WARNING, prefix, action->result.action_stderr);
	free(prefix);
	}
	}

	static void
	append_config_arg(gpointer key, gpointer value, gpointer user_data)
	{
	/* Filter out parameters handled directly by Pacemaker.
	*
	* STONITH_ATTR_ACTION_OP is added elsewhere and should never be part of the
	* fencing resource's parameter list. We should ignore its value if it is
	* configured there.
	*/
	if (!pcmk__str_eq(key, STONITH_ATTR_ACTION_OP, pcmk__str_casei)
	&& !pcmk_stonith_param(key)
	&& (strstr(key, CRM_META) == NULL)
	&& !pcmk__str_eq(key, PCMK_XA_CRM_FEATURE_SET, pcmk__str_none)) {

	crm_trace("Passing %s=%s with fence action",
	(const char ) key, (const char ) (value? value : ""));
	pcmk__insert_dup((GHashTable *) user_data, key, pcmk__s(value, ""));
	}
	}

	/*!
	* \internal
	* \brief Create a table of arguments for a fencing action
	*
	- * \param[in] agent Fencing agent name
	- * \param[in] action Name of fencing action
	- * \param[in] target Name of target node for fencing action
	- * \param[in] device_args Fence device parameters
	- * \param[in] port_map Target node-to-port mapping for fence device
	- * \param[in] host_arg Argument name for passing target
	+ * \param[in] agent Fencing agent name
	+ * \param[in] action Name of fencing action
	+ * \param[in] target Name of target node for fencing action
	+ * \param[in] device_args Fence device parameters
	+ * \param[in] port_map Target node-to-port mapping for fence device
	+ * \param[in] default_host_arg Default agent parameter for passing target
	*
	* \return Newly created hash table of arguments for fencing action
	*/
	static GHashTable *
	make_args(const char agent, const char action, const char *target,
	- GHashTable device_args, GHashTable port_map, const char *host_arg)
	+ GHashTable device_args, GHashTable port_map,
	+ const char *default_host_arg)
	{
	GHashTable *arg_list = NULL;
	const char *value = NULL;

	CRM_CHECK(action != NULL, return NULL);

	arg_list = pcmk__strkey_table(free, free);

	// Add action to arguments (using an alias if requested)
	if (device_args) {
	char buffer[512];

	snprintf(buffer, sizeof(buffer), "pcmk_%s_action", action);
	value = g_hash_table_lookup(device_args, buffer);
	if (value) {
	crm_debug("Substituting '%s' for fence action %s targeting %s",
	value, action, pcmk__s(target, "no node"));
	action = value;
	}
	}

	// Tell the fence agent what action to perform
	pcmk__insert_dup(arg_list, STONITH_ATTR_ACTION_OP, action);

	/* If this is a fencing operation against another node, add more standard
	* arguments.
	*/
	if ((target != NULL) && (device_args != NULL)) {
	const char *param = NULL;

	/* Always pass the target's name, per
	* https://github.com/ClusterLabs/fence-agents/blob/main/doc/FenceAgentAPI.md
	*/
	pcmk__insert_dup(arg_list, "nodename", target);

	// Check whether target should be specified as some other argument
	param = g_hash_table_lookup(device_args, PCMK_STONITH_HOST_ARGUMENT);
	if (param == NULL) {
	// Use caller's default (likely from agent metadata)
	- param = host_arg;
	+ param = default_host_arg;
	}
	if ((param != NULL)
	&& !pcmk__str_eq(agent, "fence_legacy", pcmk__str_none)
	&& !pcmk__str_eq(param, PCMK_VALUE_NONE, pcmk__str_casei)) {

	value = g_hash_table_lookup(device_args, param);
	if (pcmk__str_eq(value, "dynamic",
	pcmk__str_casei\|pcmk__str_null_matches)) {
	/* If the host argument is "dynamic" or not configured,
	* reset it to the target
	*/
	const char *alias = NULL;

	if (port_map) {
	alias = g_hash_table_lookup(port_map, target);
	}
	if (alias == NULL) {
	alias = target;
	}
	crm_debug("Passing %s='%s' with fence action %s targeting %s",
	param, alias, action, pcmk__s(target, "no node"));
	pcmk__insert_dup(arg_list, param, alias);
	}
	}
	}

	if (device_args) {
	g_hash_table_foreach(device_args, append_config_arg, arg_list);
	}

	return arg_list;
	}

	/*!
	* \internal
	* \brief Free all memory used by a stonith action
	*
	* \param[in,out] action Action to free
	*/
	void
	stonith__destroy_action(stonith_action_t *action)
	{
	if (action) {
	free(action->agent);
	if (action->args) {
	g_hash_table_destroy(action->args);
	}
	free(action->action);
	if (action->svc_action) {
	services_action_free(action->svc_action);
	}
	pcmk__reset_result(&(action->result));
	free(action);
	}
	}

	/*!
	* \internal
	* \brief Get the result of an executed stonith action
	*
	* \param[in] action Executed action
	*
	* \return Pointer to action's result (or NULL if \p action is NULL)
	*/
	pcmk__action_result_t *
	stonith__action_result(stonith_action_t *action)
	{
	return (action == NULL)? NULL : &(action->result);
	}

	#define FAILURE_MAX_RETRIES 2

	/*!
	* \internal
	* \brief Create a new fencing action to be executed
	*
	- * \param[in] agent Fence agent to use
	- * \param[in] action_name Fencing action to be executed
	- * \param[in] target Name of target of fencing action (if known)
	- * \param[in] timeout_sec Timeout to be used when executing action
	- * \param[in] device_args Parameters to pass to fence agent
	- * \param[in] port_map Mapping of target names to device ports
	- * \param[in] host_arg Agent parameter used to pass target name
	+ * \param[in] agent Fence agent to use
	+ * \param[in] action_name Fencing action to be executed
	+ * \param[in] target Name of target of fencing action (if known)
	+ * \param[in] timeout_sec Timeout to be used when executing action
	+ * \param[in] device_args Parameters to pass to fence agent
	+ * \param[in] port_map Mapping of target names to device ports
	+ * \param[in] default_host_arg Default agent parameter for passing target
	*
	* \return Newly created fencing action (asserts on error, never NULL)
	*/
	stonith_action_t *
	stonith__action_create(const char agent, const char action_name,
	const char *target, int timeout_sec,
	GHashTable device_args, GHashTable port_map,
	- const char *host_arg)
	+ const char *default_host_arg)
	{
	stonith_action_t *action = pcmk__assert_alloc(1, sizeof(stonith_action_t));

	action->args = make_args(agent, action_name, target, device_args, port_map,
	- host_arg);
	+ default_host_arg);
	crm_debug("Preparing '%s' action targeting %s using agent %s",
	action_name, pcmk__s(target, "no node"), agent);
	action->agent = strdup(agent);
	action->action = strdup(action_name);
	action->timeout = action->remaining_timeout = timeout_sec;
	action->max_retries = FAILURE_MAX_RETRIES;

	pcmk__set_result(&(action->result), PCMK_OCF_UNKNOWN, PCMK_EXEC_UNKNOWN,
	"Initialization bug in fencing library");

	if (device_args) {
	char buffer[512];
	const char *value = NULL;

	snprintf(buffer, sizeof(buffer), "pcmk_%s_retries", action_name);
	value = g_hash_table_lookup(device_args, buffer);

	if (value) {
	action->max_retries = atoi(value);
	}
	}

	return action;
	}

	static gboolean
	update_remaining_timeout(stonith_action_t * action)
	{
	int diff = time(NULL) - action->initial_start_time;

	if (action->tries >= action->max_retries) {
	crm_info("Attempted to execute agent %s (%s) the maximum number of times (%d) allowed",
	action->agent, action->action, action->max_retries);
	action->remaining_timeout = 0;
	} else if ((action->result.execution_status != PCMK_EXEC_TIMEOUT)
	&& (diff < (action->timeout * 0.7))) {
	/* only set remaining timeout period if there is 30%
	* or greater of the original timeout period left */
	action->remaining_timeout = action->timeout - diff;
	} else {
	action->remaining_timeout = 0;
	}
	return action->remaining_timeout ? TRUE : FALSE;
	}

	/*!
	* \internal
	* \brief Map a fencing action result to a standard return code
	*
	* \param[in] result Fencing action result to map
	*
	* \return Standard Pacemaker return code that best corresponds to \p result
	*/
	int
	stonith__result2rc(const pcmk__action_result_t *result)
	{
	if (pcmk__result_ok(result)) {
	return pcmk_rc_ok;
	}

	switch (result->execution_status) {
	case PCMK_EXEC_PENDING: return EINPROGRESS;
	case PCMK_EXEC_CANCELLED: return ECANCELED;
	case PCMK_EXEC_TIMEOUT: return ETIME;
	case PCMK_EXEC_NOT_INSTALLED: return ENOENT;
	case PCMK_EXEC_NOT_SUPPORTED: return EOPNOTSUPP;
	case PCMK_EXEC_NOT_CONNECTED: return ENOTCONN;
	case PCMK_EXEC_NO_FENCE_DEVICE: return ENODEV;
	case PCMK_EXEC_NO_SECRETS: return EACCES;

	/* For the fencing API, PCMK_EXEC_INVALID is used with fencer API
	* operations that don't involve executing an agent (for example,
	* registering devices). This allows us to use the CRM_EX_* codes in the
	* exit status for finer-grained responses.
	*/
	case PCMK_EXEC_INVALID:
	switch (result->exit_status) {
	case CRM_EX_INVALID_PARAM: return EINVAL;
	case CRM_EX_INSUFFICIENT_PRIV: return EACCES;
	case CRM_EX_PROTOCOL: return EPROTO;

	/* CRM_EX_EXPIRED is used for orphaned fencing operations left
	* over from a previous instance of the fencer. For API backward
	* compatibility, this is mapped to the previously used code for
	* this case, EHOSTUNREACH.
	*/
	case CRM_EX_EXPIRED: return EHOSTUNREACH;
	default: break;
	}
	break;

	default:
	break;
	}

	// Try to provide useful error code based on result's error output

	if (result->action_stderr == NULL) {
	return ENODATA;

	} else if (strcasestr(result->action_stderr, "timed out")
	\|\| strcasestr(result->action_stderr, "timeout")) {
	return ETIME;

	} else if (strcasestr(result->action_stderr, "unrecognised action")
	\|\| strcasestr(result->action_stderr, "unrecognized action")
	\|\| strcasestr(result->action_stderr, "unsupported action")) {
	return EOPNOTSUPP;
	}

	// Oh well, we tried
	return pcmk_rc_error;
	}

	/*!
	* \internal
	* \brief Determine execution status equivalent of legacy fencer return code
	*
	* Fence action notifications, and fence action callbacks from older fencers
	* (<=2.1.2) in a rolling upgrade, will have only a legacy return code. Map this
	* to an execution status as best as possible (essentially, the inverse of
	* stonith__result2rc()).
	*
	* \param[in] rc Legacy return code from fencer
	*
	* \return Execution status best corresponding to \p rc
	*/
	int
	stonith__legacy2status(int rc)
	{
	if (rc >= 0) {
	return PCMK_EXEC_DONE;
	}
	switch (-rc) {
	case EACCES: return PCMK_EXEC_NO_SECRETS;
	case ECANCELED: return PCMK_EXEC_CANCELLED;
	case EHOSTUNREACH: return PCMK_EXEC_INVALID;
	case EINPROGRESS: return PCMK_EXEC_PENDING;
	case ENODEV: return PCMK_EXEC_NO_FENCE_DEVICE;
	case ENOENT: return PCMK_EXEC_NOT_INSTALLED;
	case ENOTCONN: return PCMK_EXEC_NOT_CONNECTED;
	case EOPNOTSUPP: return PCMK_EXEC_NOT_SUPPORTED;
	case EPROTO: return PCMK_EXEC_INVALID;
	case EPROTONOSUPPORT: return PCMK_EXEC_NOT_SUPPORTED;
	case ETIME: return PCMK_EXEC_TIMEOUT;
	case ETIMEDOUT: return PCMK_EXEC_TIMEOUT;
	default: return PCMK_EXEC_ERROR;
	}
	}

	/*!
	* \internal
	* \brief Add a fencing result to an XML element as attributes
	*
	* \param[in,out] xml XML element to add result to
	* \param[in] result Fencing result to add (assume success if NULL)
	*/
	void
	stonith__xe_set_result(xmlNode xml, const pcmk__action_result_t result)
	{
	int exit_status = CRM_EX_OK;
	enum pcmk_exec_status execution_status = PCMK_EXEC_DONE;
	const char *exit_reason = NULL;
	const char *action_stdout = NULL;
	int rc = pcmk_ok;

	CRM_CHECK(xml != NULL, return);

	if (result != NULL) {
	exit_status = result->exit_status;
	execution_status = result->execution_status;
	exit_reason = result->exit_reason;
	action_stdout = result->action_stdout;
	rc = pcmk_rc2legacy(stonith__result2rc(result));
	}

	crm_xml_add_int(xml, PCMK__XA_OP_STATUS, (int) execution_status);
	crm_xml_add_int(xml, PCMK__XA_RC_CODE, exit_status);
	crm_xml_add(xml, PCMK_XA_EXIT_REASON, exit_reason);
	crm_xml_add(xml, PCMK__XA_ST_OUTPUT, action_stdout);

	/* @COMPAT Peers in rolling upgrades, Pacemaker Remote nodes, and external
	* code that use libstonithd <=2.1.2 don't check for the full result, and
	* need a legacy return code instead.
	*/
	crm_xml_add_int(xml, PCMK__XA_ST_RC, rc);
	}

	/*!
	* \internal
	* \brief Find a fencing result beneath an XML element
	*
	* \param[in] xml XML element to search
	*
	* \return \p xml or descendant of it that contains a fencing result, else NULL
	*/
	xmlNode *
	stonith__find_xe_with_result(xmlNode *xml)
	{
	xmlNode *match = pcmk__xpath_find_one(xml->doc,
	"//*[@" PCMK__XA_RC_CODE "]",
	LOG_NEVER);

	if (match == NULL) {
	/* @COMPAT Peers <=2.1.2 in a rolling upgrade provide only a legacy
	* return code, not a full result, so check for that.
	*/
	match = pcmk__xpath_find_one(xml->doc, "//*[@" PCMK__XA_ST_RC "]",
	LOG_ERR);
	}
	return match;
	}

	/*!
	* \internal
	* \brief Get a fencing result from an XML element's attributes
	*
	* \param[in] xml XML element with fencing result
	* \param[out] result Where to store fencing result
	*/
	void
	stonith__xe_get_result(const xmlNode xml, pcmk__action_result_t result)
	{
	int exit_status = CRM_EX_OK;
	int execution_status = PCMK_EXEC_DONE;
	const char *exit_reason = NULL;
	char *action_stdout = NULL;

	CRM_CHECK((xml != NULL) && (result != NULL), return);

	exit_reason = crm_element_value(xml, PCMK_XA_EXIT_REASON);
	action_stdout = crm_element_value_copy(xml, PCMK__XA_ST_OUTPUT);

	// A result must include an exit status and execution status
	if ((crm_element_value_int(xml, PCMK__XA_RC_CODE, &exit_status) < 0)
	\|\| (crm_element_value_int(xml, PCMK__XA_OP_STATUS,
	&execution_status) < 0)) {
	int rc = pcmk_ok;
	exit_status = CRM_EX_ERROR;

	/* @COMPAT Peers <=2.1.2 in rolling upgrades provide only a legacy
	* return code, not a full result, so check for that.
	*/
	if (crm_element_value_int(xml, PCMK__XA_ST_RC, &rc) == 0) {
	if ((rc == pcmk_ok) \|\| (rc == -EINPROGRESS)) {
	exit_status = CRM_EX_OK;
	}
	execution_status = stonith__legacy2status(rc);
	exit_reason = pcmk_strerror(rc);

	} else {
	execution_status = PCMK_EXEC_ERROR;
	exit_reason = "Fencer reply contained neither a full result "
	"nor a legacy return code (bug?)";
	}
	}
	pcmk__set_result(result, exit_status, execution_status, exit_reason);
	pcmk__set_result_output(result, action_stdout, NULL);
	}

	static void
	stonith_action_async_done(svc_action_t *svc_action)
	{
	stonith_action_t action = (stonith_action_t ) svc_action->cb_data;

	set_result_from_svc_action(action, svc_action);
	svc_action->params = NULL;
	log_action(action, action->pid);

	if (!pcmk__result_ok(&(action->result))
	&& update_remaining_timeout(action)) {

	int rc = internal_stonith_action_execute(action);
	if (rc == pcmk_ok) {
	return;
	}
	}

	if (action->done_cb) {
	action->done_cb(action->pid, &(action->result), action->userdata);
	}

	action->svc_action = NULL; // don't remove our caller
	stonith__destroy_action(action);
	}

	static void
	stonith_action_async_forked(svc_action_t *svc_action)
	{
	stonith_action_t action = (stonith_action_t ) svc_action->cb_data;

	action->pid = svc_action->pid;
	action->svc_action = svc_action;

	if (action->fork_cb) {
	(action->fork_cb) (svc_action->pid, action->userdata);
	}

	pcmk__set_result(&(action->result), PCMK_OCF_UNKNOWN, PCMK_EXEC_PENDING,
	NULL);

	crm_trace("Child process %d performing action '%s' successfully forked",
	action->pid, action->action);
	}

	/*!
	* \internal
	* \brief Convert a fencing library action to a services library action
	*
	* \param[in,out] action Fencing library action to convert
	*
	* \return Services library action equivalent to \p action on success; on error,
	* NULL will be returned and \p action's result will be set
	*/
	static svc_action_t *
	stonith_action_to_svc(stonith_action_t *action)
	{
	static int stonith_sequence = 0;

	char *path = crm_strdup_printf(PCMK__FENCE_BINDIR "/%s", action->agent);
	svc_action_t *svc_action = services_action_create_generic(path, NULL);

	free(path);
	if (svc_action->rc != PCMK_OCF_UNKNOWN) {
	set_result_from_svc_action(action, svc_action);
	services_action_free(svc_action);
	return NULL;
	}

	svc_action->timeout = action->remaining_timeout * 1000;
	svc_action->standard = pcmk__str_copy(PCMK_RESOURCE_CLASS_STONITH);
	svc_action->id = crm_strdup_printf("%s_%s_%dof%d", action->agent,
	action->action, action->tries,
	action->max_retries);
	svc_action->agent = pcmk__str_copy(action->agent);
	svc_action->sequence = stonith_sequence++;
	svc_action->params = action->args;
	svc_action->cb_data = (void *) action;
	svc_action->flags = pcmk__set_flags_as(__func__, __LINE__,
	LOG_TRACE, "Action",
	svc_action->id, svc_action->flags,
	SVC_ACTION_NON_BLOCKED,
	"SVC_ACTION_NON_BLOCKED");

	return svc_action;
	}

	static int
	internal_stonith_action_execute(stonith_action_t * action)
	{
	int rc = pcmk_ok;
	int is_retry = 0;
	svc_action_t *svc_action = NULL;

	CRM_CHECK(action != NULL, return -EINVAL);

	if ((action->action == NULL) \|\| (action->args == NULL)
	\|\| (action->agent == NULL)) {
	pcmk__set_result(&(action->result), PCMK_OCF_UNKNOWN_ERROR,
	PCMK_EXEC_ERROR_FATAL, "Bug in fencing library");
	return -EINVAL;
	}

	if (action->tries++ == 0) {
	// First attempt of the desired action
	action->initial_start_time = time(NULL);
	} else {
	// Later attempt after earlier failure
	crm_info("Attempt %d to execute '%s' action of agent %s "
	"(%ds timeout remaining)",
	action->tries, action->action, action->agent,
	action->remaining_timeout);
	is_retry = 1;
	}

	svc_action = stonith_action_to_svc(action);
	if (svc_action == NULL) {
	// The only possible errors are out-of-memory and too many arguments
	return -E2BIG;
	}

	/* keep retries from executing out of control and free previous results */
	if (is_retry) {
	pcmk__reset_result(&(action->result));
	// @TODO This should be nonblocking via timer if mainloop is used
	sleep(1);
	}

	if (action->async) {
	// We never create a recurring action, so this should always return TRUE
	CRM_LOG_ASSERT(services_action_async_fork_notify(svc_action,
	&stonith_action_async_done,
	&stonith_action_async_forked));
	return pcmk_ok;

	} else if (!services_action_sync(svc_action)) {
	rc = -ECONNABORTED; // @TODO Update API to return more useful error
	}

	set_result_from_svc_action(action, svc_action);
	svc_action->params = NULL;
	services_action_free(svc_action);
	return rc;
	}

	/*!
	* \internal
	* \brief Kick off execution of an async stonith action
	*
	* \param[in,out] action Action to be executed
	* \param[in,out] userdata Datapointer to be passed to callbacks
	* \param[in] done Callback to notify action has failed/succeeded
	* \param[in] fork_callback Callback to notify successful fork of child
	*
	* \return pcmk_ok if ownership of action has been taken, -errno otherwise
	*/
	int
	stonith__execute_async(stonith_action_t * action, void *userdata,
	void (*done) (int pid,
	const pcmk__action_result_t *result,
	void *user_data),
	void (fork_cb) (int pid, void user_data))
	{
	if (!action) {
	return -EINVAL;
	}

	action->userdata = userdata;
	action->done_cb = done;
	action->fork_cb = fork_cb;
	action->async = true;

	return internal_stonith_action_execute(action);
	}

	/*!
	* \internal
	* \brief Execute a stonith action
	*
	* \param[in,out] action Action to execute
	*
	* \return pcmk_ok on success, -errno otherwise
	*/
	int
	stonith__execute(stonith_action_t *action)
	{
	int rc = pcmk_ok;

	CRM_CHECK(action != NULL, return -EINVAL);

	// Keep trying until success, max retries, or timeout
	do {
	rc = internal_stonith_action_execute(action);
	} while ((rc != pcmk_ok) && update_remaining_timeout(action));

	return rc;
	}

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