diff --git a/lib/services/upstart.c b/lib/services/upstart.c
index 01130a0683..b5c3477ef3 100644
--- a/lib/services/upstart.c
+++ b/lib/services/upstart.c
@@ -1,607 +1,673 @@
 /*
  * Original copyright 2010 Senko Rasic <senko.rasic@dobarkod.hr>
  *                         and Ante Karamatic <ivoks@init.hr>
  * Later changes copyright 2012-2021 the Pacemaker project contributors
  *
  * The version control history for this file may have further details.
  *
  * This source code is licensed under the GNU Lesser General Public License
  * version 2.1 or later (LGPLv2.1+) WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY.
  */
 
 #include <crm_internal.h>
 
 #include <stdio.h>
 
 #include <crm/crm.h>
 #include <crm/services.h>
 #include <crm/common/mainloop.h>
 
 #include <services_private.h>
 #include <upstart.h>
 #include <dbus/dbus.h>
 #include <pcmk-dbus.h>
 
 #include <glib.h>
 #include <gio/gio.h>
 
 #define BUS_NAME "com.ubuntu.Upstart"
 #define BUS_PATH "/com/ubuntu/Upstart"
 
 #define UPSTART_06_API     BUS_NAME"0_6"
 #define UPSTART_JOB_IFACE  UPSTART_06_API".Job"
 #define BUS_PROPERTY_IFACE "org.freedesktop.DBus.Properties"
 
 /*
   http://upstart.ubuntu.com/wiki/DBusInterface
 */
 static DBusConnection *upstart_proxy = NULL;
 
 static gboolean
 upstart_init(void)
 {
     static int need_init = 1;
 
     if (need_init) {
         need_init = 0;
         upstart_proxy = pcmk_dbus_connect();
     }
     if (upstart_proxy == NULL) {
         return FALSE;
     }
     return TRUE;
 }
 
 void
 upstart_cleanup(void)
 {
     if (upstart_proxy) {
         pcmk_dbus_disconnect(upstart_proxy);
         upstart_proxy = NULL;
     }
 }
 
-static gboolean
-upstart_job_by_name(const gchar * arg_name, gchar ** out_unit, int timeout)
+/*!
+ * \internal
+ * \brief Get the DBus object path corresponding to a job name
+ *
+ * \param[in]  arg_name  Name of job to get path for
+ * \param[out] path      If not NULL, where to store DBus object path
+ * \param[in]  timeout   Give up after this many seconds
+ *
+ * \return true if object path was found, false otherwise
+ * \note The caller is responsible for freeing *path if it is non-NULL.
+ */
+static bool
+object_path_for_job(const gchar *arg_name, char **path, int timeout)
 {
-/*
-  com.ubuntu.Upstart0_6.GetJobByName (in String name, out ObjectPath job)
-*/
+    /*
+        com.ubuntu.Upstart0_6.GetJobByName (in String name, out ObjectPath job)
+    */
     DBusError error;
     DBusMessage *msg;
     DBusMessage *reply = NULL;
-    const char *method = "GetJobByName";
+    bool rc = false;
 
-    if(upstart_init() == FALSE) {
-        return FALSE;
+    if (path != NULL) {
+        *path = NULL;
+    }
+
+    if (!upstart_init()) {
+        return false;
     }
     msg = dbus_message_new_method_call(BUS_NAME, // target for the method call
                                        BUS_PATH, // object to call on
-                                       UPSTART_06_API, // interface to call on
-                                       method); // method name
+                                       UPSTART_06_API,  // interface to call on
+                                       "GetJobByName"); // method name
 
     dbus_error_init(&error);
-    CRM_LOG_ASSERT(dbus_message_append_args(msg, DBUS_TYPE_STRING, &arg_name, DBUS_TYPE_INVALID));
+    CRM_LOG_ASSERT(dbus_message_append_args(msg, DBUS_TYPE_STRING, &arg_name,
+                                            DBUS_TYPE_INVALID));
     reply = pcmk_dbus_send_recv(msg, upstart_proxy, &error, timeout);
     dbus_message_unref(msg);
 
     if (dbus_error_is_set(&error)) {
-        crm_err("Could not issue %s for %s: %s", method, arg_name, error.message);
+        crm_err("Could not get DBus object path for %s: %s",
+                arg_name, error.message);
         dbus_error_free(&error);
 
-    } else if(!pcmk_dbus_type_check(reply, NULL, DBUS_TYPE_OBJECT_PATH, __func__, __LINE__)) {
-        crm_err("Invalid return type for %s", method);
+    } else if (!pcmk_dbus_type_check(reply, NULL, DBUS_TYPE_OBJECT_PATH,
+                                     __func__, __LINE__)) {
+        crm_err("Could not get DBus object path for %s: Invalid return type",
+                arg_name);
 
     } else {
-        if(out_unit) {
-            char *path = NULL;
-
-            dbus_message_get_args (reply, NULL,
-                                   DBUS_TYPE_OBJECT_PATH, &path,
-                                   DBUS_TYPE_INVALID);
-
-            *out_unit = strdup(path);
+        if (path != NULL) {
+            dbus_message_get_args(reply, NULL, DBUS_TYPE_OBJECT_PATH, path,
+                                  DBUS_TYPE_INVALID);
+            if (*path != NULL) {
+                *path = strdup(*path);
+            }
         }
-        dbus_message_unref(reply);
-        return TRUE;
+        rc = true;
     }
 
-    if(reply) {
+    if (reply != NULL) {
         dbus_message_unref(reply);
     }
-    return FALSE;
+    return rc;
 }
 
 static void
 fix(char *input, const char *search, char replace)
 {
     char *match = NULL;
     int shuffle = strlen(search) - 1;
 
     while (TRUE) {
         int len, lpc;
 
         match = strstr(input, search);
         if (match == NULL) {
             break;
         }
         crm_trace("Found: %s", match);
         match[0] = replace;
         len = strlen(match) - shuffle;
         for (lpc = 1; lpc <= len; lpc++) {
             match[lpc] = match[lpc + shuffle];
         }
     }
 }
 
 static char *
 fix_upstart_name(const char *input)
 {
     char *output = strdup(input);
 
     fix(output, "_2b", '+');
     fix(output, "_2c", ',');
     fix(output, "_2d", '-');
     fix(output, "_2e", '.');
     fix(output, "_40", '@');
     fix(output, "_5f", '_');
     return output;
 }
 
 GList *
 upstart_job_listall(void)
 {
     GList *units = NULL;
     DBusMessageIter args;
     DBusMessageIter unit;
     DBusMessage *msg = NULL;
     DBusMessage *reply = NULL;
     const char *method = "GetAllJobs";
     DBusError error;
     int lpc = 0;
 
     if (upstart_init() == FALSE) {
         return NULL;
     }
 
 /*
   com.ubuntu.Upstart0_6.GetAllJobs (out <Array of ObjectPath> jobs)
 */
 
     dbus_error_init(&error);
     msg = dbus_message_new_method_call(BUS_NAME, // target for the method call
                                        BUS_PATH, // object to call on
                                        UPSTART_06_API, // interface to call on
                                        method); // method name
     CRM_ASSERT(msg != NULL);
 
     reply = pcmk_dbus_send_recv(msg, upstart_proxy, &error, DBUS_TIMEOUT_USE_DEFAULT);
     dbus_message_unref(msg);
 
     if (dbus_error_is_set(&error)) {
         crm_err("Call to %s failed: %s", method, error.message);
         dbus_error_free(&error);
         return NULL;
 
     } else if (!dbus_message_iter_init(reply, &args)) {
         crm_err("Call to %s failed: Message has no arguments", method);
         dbus_message_unref(reply);
         return NULL;
     }
 
     if(!pcmk_dbus_type_check(reply, &args, DBUS_TYPE_ARRAY, __func__, __LINE__)) {
         crm_err("Call to %s failed: Message has invalid arguments", method);
         dbus_message_unref(reply);
         return NULL;
     }
 
     dbus_message_iter_recurse(&args, &unit);
     while (dbus_message_iter_get_arg_type (&unit) != DBUS_TYPE_INVALID) {
         DBusBasicValue value;
         const char *job = NULL;
         char *path = NULL;
 
         if(!pcmk_dbus_type_check(reply, &unit, DBUS_TYPE_OBJECT_PATH, __func__, __LINE__)) {
             crm_warn("Skipping Upstart reply argument with unexpected type");
             continue;
         }
 
         dbus_message_iter_get_basic(&unit, &value);
 
         if(value.str) {
             int llpc = 0;
             path = value.str;
             job = value.str;
             while (path[llpc] != 0) {
                 if (path[llpc] == '/') {
                     job = path + llpc + 1;
                 }
                 llpc++;
             }
             lpc++;
             crm_trace("%s -> %s", path, job);
             units = g_list_append(units, fix_upstart_name(job));
         }
         dbus_message_iter_next (&unit);
     }
 
     dbus_message_unref(reply);
     crm_trace("Found %d upstart jobs", lpc);
     return units;
 }
 
 gboolean
 upstart_job_exists(const char *name)
 {
-    return upstart_job_by_name(name, NULL, DBUS_TIMEOUT_USE_DEFAULT);
+    return object_path_for_job(name, NULL, DBUS_TIMEOUT_USE_DEFAULT);
 }
 
 static char *
 get_first_instance(const gchar * job, int timeout)
 {
     char *instance = NULL;
     const char *method = "GetAllInstances";
     DBusError error;
     DBusMessage *msg;
     DBusMessage *reply;
     DBusMessageIter args;
     DBusMessageIter unit;
 
     dbus_error_init(&error);
     msg = dbus_message_new_method_call(BUS_NAME, // target for the method call
                                        job, // object to call on
                                        UPSTART_JOB_IFACE, // interface to call on
                                        method); // method name
     CRM_ASSERT(msg != NULL);
 
     dbus_message_append_args(msg, DBUS_TYPE_INVALID);
     reply = pcmk_dbus_send_recv(msg, upstart_proxy, &error, timeout);
     dbus_message_unref(msg);
 
     if (dbus_error_is_set(&error)) {
         crm_err("Call to %s failed: %s", method, error.message);
         dbus_error_free(&error);
         goto done;
 
     } else if(reply == NULL) {
         crm_err("Call to %s failed: no reply", method);
         goto done;
 
     } else if (!dbus_message_iter_init(reply, &args)) {
         crm_err("Call to %s failed: Message has no arguments", method);
         goto done;
     }
 
     if(!pcmk_dbus_type_check(reply, &args, DBUS_TYPE_ARRAY, __func__, __LINE__)) {
         crm_err("Call to %s failed: Message has invalid arguments", method);
         goto done;
     }
 
     dbus_message_iter_recurse(&args, &unit);
     if(pcmk_dbus_type_check(reply, &unit, DBUS_TYPE_OBJECT_PATH, __func__, __LINE__)) {
         DBusBasicValue value;
 
         dbus_message_iter_get_basic(&unit, &value);
 
         if(value.str) {
             instance = strdup(value.str);
             crm_trace("Result: %s", instance);
         }
     }
 
   done:
     if(reply) {
         dbus_message_unref(reply);
     }
     return instance;
 }
 
+/*!
+ * \internal
+ * \brief Parse result of Upstart status check
+ *
+ * \param[in] name      DBus interface name for property that was checked
+ * \param[in] state     Property value
+ * \param[in] userdata  Status action that check was done for
+ */
 static void
-upstart_job_check(const char *name, const char *state, void *userdata)
+parse_status_result(const char *name, const char *state, void *userdata)
 {
-    svc_action_t * op = userdata;
+    svc_action_t *op = userdata;
 
-    if (state && g_strcmp0(state, "running") == 0) {
+    if (pcmk__str_eq(state, "running", pcmk__str_none)) {
         op->rc = PCMK_OCF_OK;
+        op->status = PCMK_EXEC_DONE;
     } else {
         op->rc = PCMK_OCF_NOT_RUNNING;
+        op->status = PCMK_EXEC_DONE;
     }
 
-    if (op->synchronous == FALSE) {
+    if (!(op->synchronous)) {
         services_set_op_pending(op, NULL);
         services__finalize_async_op(op);
     }
 }
 
+#define METADATA_FORMAT                                                     \
+    "<?xml version=\"1.0\"?>\n"                                             \
+    "<!DOCTYPE resource-agent SYSTEM \"ra-api-1.dtd\">\n"                   \
+    "<resource-agent name=\"%s\" version=\"" PCMK_DEFAULT_AGENT_VERSION "\">\n" \
+    "  <version>1.1</version>\n"                                            \
+    "  <longdesc lang=\"en\">\n"                                            \
+    "    Upstart agent for controlling the system %s service\n"             \
+    "  </longdesc>\n"                                                       \
+    "  <shortdesc lang=\"en\">Upstart job for %s</shortdesc>\n"             \
+    "  <parameters/>\n"                                                     \
+    "  <actions>\n"                                                         \
+    "    <action name=\"start\"     timeout=\"15\" />\n"                    \
+    "    <action name=\"stop\"      timeout=\"15\" />\n"                    \
+    "    <action name=\"status\"    timeout=\"15\" />\n"                    \
+    "    <action name=\"restart\"   timeout=\"15\" />\n"                    \
+    "    <action name=\"monitor\"   timeout=\"15\" interval=\"15\" start-delay=\"15\" />\n" \
+    "    <action name=\"meta-data\" timeout=\"5\" />\n"                     \
+    "  </actions>\n"                                                        \
+    "  <special tag=\"upstart\"/>\n"                                        \
+    "</resource-agent>\n"
+
 static char *
 upstart_job_metadata(const char *name)
 {
-    return crm_strdup_printf("<?xml version=\"1.0\"?>\n"
-                           "<!DOCTYPE resource-agent SYSTEM \"ra-api-1.dtd\">\n"
-                           "<resource-agent name=\"%s\" version=\"" PCMK_DEFAULT_AGENT_VERSION "\">\n"
-                           "  <version>1.0</version>\n"
-                           "  <longdesc lang=\"en\">\n"
-                           "    Upstart agent for controlling the system %s service\n"
-                           "  </longdesc>\n"
-                           "  <shortdesc lang=\"en\">%s upstart agent</shortdesc>\n"
-                           "  <parameters>\n"
-                           "  </parameters>\n"
-                           "  <actions>\n"
-                           "    <action name=\"start\"   timeout=\"15\" />\n"
-                           "    <action name=\"stop\"    timeout=\"15\" />\n"
-                           "    <action name=\"status\"  timeout=\"15\" />\n"
-                           "    <action name=\"restart\"  timeout=\"15\" />\n"
-                           "    <action name=\"monitor\" timeout=\"15\" interval=\"15\" start-delay=\"15\" />\n"
-                           "    <action name=\"meta-data\"  timeout=\"5\" />\n"
-                           "  </actions>\n"
-                           "  <special tag=\"upstart\">\n"
-                           "  </special>\n" "</resource-agent>\n", name, name, name);
+    return crm_strdup_printf(METADATA_FORMAT, name, name, name);
 }
 
-static bool
-upstart_mask_error(svc_action_t *op, const char *error)
+/*!
+ * \internal
+ * \brief Set an action result based on a method error
+ *
+ * \param[in] op     Action to set result for
+ * \param[in] error  Method error
+ */
+static void
+set_result_from_method_error(svc_action_t *op, const DBusError *error)
 {
-    crm_trace("Could not issue %s for %s: %s", op->action, op->rsc, error);
-    if(strstr(error, UPSTART_06_API ".Error.UnknownInstance")) {
-        if(pcmk__str_eq(op->action, "stop", pcmk__str_casei)) {
-            crm_trace("Masking %s failure for %s: unknown services are stopped", op->action, op->rsc);
-            op->rc = PCMK_OCF_OK;
+    op->rc = PCMK_OCF_UNKNOWN_ERROR;
+    op->status = PCMK_EXEC_ERROR;
 
-        } else if(pcmk__str_eq(op->action, "start", pcmk__str_casei)) {
-            crm_trace("Mapping %s failure for %s: unknown services are not installed", op->action, op->rsc);
-            op->rc = PCMK_OCF_NOT_INSTALLED;
-            op->status = PCMK_EXEC_NOT_INSTALLED;
+    if (strstr(error->name, UPSTART_06_API ".Error.UnknownInstance")) {
+
+        if (pcmk__str_eq(op->action, "stop", pcmk__str_casei)) {
+            crm_trace("Masking stop failure (%s) for %s "
+                      "because unknown service can be considered stopped",
+                      error->name, crm_str(op->rsc));
+            op->rc = PCMK_OCF_OK;
+            op->status = PCMK_EXEC_DONE;
+            return;
         }
-        return TRUE;
+
+        op->rc = PCMK_OCF_NOT_INSTALLED;
+        op->status = PCMK_EXEC_NOT_INSTALLED;
 
     } else if (pcmk__str_eq(op->action, "start", pcmk__str_casei)
-               && strstr(error, UPSTART_06_API ".Error.AlreadyStarted")) {
-        crm_trace("Mapping %s failure for %s: starting a started resource is allowed", op->action, op->rsc);
+               && strstr(error->name, UPSTART_06_API ".Error.AlreadyStarted")) {
+        crm_trace("Masking start failure (%s) for %s "
+                  "because already started resource is OK",
+                  error->name, crm_str(op->rsc));
         op->rc = PCMK_OCF_OK;
-        return TRUE;
+        op->status = PCMK_EXEC_DONE;
+        return;
     }
 
-    return FALSE;
+    crm_err("DBus request for %s of Upstart job %s for resource %s failed: %s",
+            op->action, op->agent, crm_str(op->rsc), error->message);
 }
 
+/*!
+ * \internal
+ * \brief Process the completion of an asynchronous job start, stop, or restart
+ *
+ * \param[in] pending    If not NULL, DBus call associated with request
+ * \param[in] user_data  Action that was executed
+ */
 static void
-upstart_async_dispatch(DBusPendingCall *pending, void *user_data)
+job_method_complete(DBusPendingCall *pending, void *user_data)
 {
     DBusError error;
     DBusMessage *reply = NULL;
     svc_action_t *op = user_data;
 
-    dbus_error_init(&error);
-    if(pending) {
+    // Grab the reply
+    if (pending != NULL) {
         reply = dbus_pending_call_steal_reply(pending);
     }
 
+    // Determine result
+    dbus_error_init(&error);
     if (pcmk_dbus_find_error(pending, reply, &error)) {
-
-        /* ignore "already started" or "not running" errors */
-        if (!upstart_mask_error(op, error.name)) {
-            crm_err("%s for %s: %s", op->action, op->rsc, error.message);
-        }
+        set_result_from_method_error(op, &error);
         dbus_error_free(&error);
 
-    } else if (!g_strcmp0(op->action, "stop")) {
-        /* No return vaue */
+    } else if (pcmk__str_eq(op->action, "stop", pcmk__str_none)) {
+        // Call has no return value
+        crm_debug("DBus request for stop of %s succeeded", crm_str(op->rsc));
+        op->rc = PCMK_OCF_OK;
+        op->status = PCMK_EXEC_DONE;
+
+    } else if (!pcmk_dbus_type_check(reply, NULL, DBUS_TYPE_OBJECT_PATH,
+                                     __func__, __LINE__)) {
+        crm_warn("DBus request for %s of %s succeeded but "
+                 "return type was unexpected", op->action, crm_str(op->rsc));
         op->rc = PCMK_OCF_OK;
+        op->status = PCMK_EXEC_DONE;
 
     } else {
-        if(!pcmk_dbus_type_check(reply, NULL, DBUS_TYPE_OBJECT_PATH, __func__, __LINE__)) {
-            crm_warn("Call to %s passed but return type was unexpected", op->action);
-            op->rc = PCMK_OCF_OK;
-
-        } else {
-            const char *path = NULL;
+        const char *path = NULL;
 
-            dbus_message_get_args (reply, NULL,
-                                   DBUS_TYPE_OBJECT_PATH, &path,
-                                   DBUS_TYPE_INVALID);
-            crm_info("Call to %s passed: %s", op->action, path);
-            op->rc = PCMK_OCF_OK;
-        }
+        dbus_message_get_args(reply, NULL, DBUS_TYPE_OBJECT_PATH, &path,
+                              DBUS_TYPE_INVALID);
+        crm_debug("DBus request for %s of %s using %s succeeded",
+                  op->action, crm_str(op->rsc), path);
+        op->rc = PCMK_OCF_OK;
+        op->status = PCMK_EXEC_DONE;
     }
 
+    // The call is no longer pending
     CRM_LOG_ASSERT(pending == op->opaque->pending);
     services_set_op_pending(op, NULL);
-    services__finalize_async_op(op);
 
-    if(reply) {
+    // Finalize action
+    services__finalize_async_op(op);
+    if (reply != NULL) {
         dbus_message_unref(reply);
     }
 }
 
 /*!
  * \internal
  * \brief Execute an Upstart action
  *
  * \param[in] op  Action to execute
  *
  * \return Standard Pacemaker return code
  * \retval EBUSY          Recurring operation could not be initiated
  * \retval pcmk_rc_error  Synchronous action failed
  * \retval pcmk_rc_ok     Synchronous action succeeded, or asynchronous action
  *                        should not be freed (because it already was or is
  *                        pending)
  *
  * \note If the return value for an asynchronous action is not pcmk_rc_ok, the
  *       caller is responsible for freeing the action.
  */
 int
 services__execute_upstart(svc_action_t *op)
 {
     char *job = NULL;
     int arg_wait = TRUE;
     const char *arg_env = "pacemaker=1";
     const char *action = op->action;
 
     DBusError error;
     DBusMessage *msg = NULL;
     DBusMessage *reply = NULL;
     DBusMessageIter iter, array_iter;
 
     CRM_ASSERT(op != NULL);
 
     if ((op->action == NULL) || (op->agent == NULL)) {
         op->rc = PCMK_OCF_NOT_CONFIGURED;
         op->status = PCMK_EXEC_ERROR_FATAL;
         goto cleanup;
     }
 
     if (!upstart_init()) {
         op->rc = PCMK_OCF_UNKNOWN_ERROR;
         op->status = PCMK_EXEC_ERROR;
         goto cleanup;
     }
 
     if (pcmk__str_eq(op->action, "meta-data", pcmk__str_casei)) {
         op->stdout_data = upstart_job_metadata(op->agent);
         op->rc = PCMK_OCF_OK;
         op->status = PCMK_EXEC_DONE;
         goto cleanup;
     }
 
-    if (!upstart_job_by_name(op->agent, &job, op->timeout)) {
-        crm_debug("Could not find Upstart job '%s' to %s", op->agent, action);
+    if (!object_path_for_job(op->agent, &job, op->timeout)) {
         if (pcmk__str_eq(action, "stop", pcmk__str_none)) {
             op->rc = PCMK_OCF_OK;
             op->status = PCMK_EXEC_DONE;
         } else {
             op->rc = PCMK_OCF_NOT_INSTALLED;
             op->status = PCMK_EXEC_NOT_INSTALLED;
         }
         goto cleanup;
     }
 
+    if (job == NULL) {
+        // Shouldn't normally be possible -- maybe a memory error
+        op->rc = PCMK_OCF_UNKNOWN_ERROR;
+        op->status = PCMK_EXEC_ERROR;
+        goto cleanup;
+    }
+
     if (pcmk__strcase_any_of(op->action, "monitor", "status", NULL)) {
         DBusPendingCall *pending = NULL;
         char *state = NULL;
         char *path = get_first_instance(job, op->timeout);
 
         op->rc = PCMK_OCF_NOT_RUNNING;
         op->status = PCMK_EXEC_DONE;
         if (path == NULL) {
             goto cleanup;
         }
         state = pcmk_dbus_get_property(upstart_proxy, BUS_NAME, path,
                                        UPSTART_06_API ".Instance", "state",
-                                       op->synchronous? NULL : upstart_job_check,
+                                       op->synchronous? NULL : parse_status_result,
                                        op,
                                        op->synchronous? NULL : &pending,
                                        op->timeout);
         free(path);
 
         if (op->synchronous) {
-            upstart_job_check("state", state, op);
+            parse_status_result("state", state, op);
             free(state);
 
-        } else if (pending != NULL) { // Successfully initiated async op
+        } else if (pending == NULL) {
+            op->rc = PCMK_OCF_UNKNOWN_ERROR;
+            op->status = PCMK_EXEC_ERROR;
+
+        } else { // Successfully initiated async op
             free(job);
             services_set_op_pending(op, pending);
             services_add_inflight_op(op);
             return pcmk_rc_ok;
         }
 
         goto cleanup;
 
     } else if (pcmk__str_eq(action, "start", pcmk__str_none)) {
         action = "Start";
 
     } else if (pcmk__str_eq(action, "stop", pcmk__str_none)) {
         action = "Stop";
 
     } else if (pcmk__str_eq(action, "restart", pcmk__str_none)) {
         action = "Restart";
 
     } else {
         op->rc = PCMK_OCF_UNIMPLEMENT_FEATURE;
         op->status = PCMK_EXEC_ERROR_HARD;
         goto cleanup;
     }
 
     // Initialize rc/status in case called functions don't set them
     op->rc = PCMK_OCF_UNKNOWN_ERROR;
     op->status = PCMK_EXEC_DONE;
 
     crm_debug("Calling %s for %s on %s", action, crm_str(op->rsc), job);
 
     msg = dbus_message_new_method_call(BUS_NAME, // target for the method call
                                        job, // object to call on
                                        UPSTART_JOB_IFACE, // interface to call on
                                        action); // method name
     CRM_ASSERT(msg != NULL);
 
     dbus_message_iter_init_append (msg, &iter);
-
-    CRM_LOG_ASSERT(dbus_message_iter_open_container (&iter,
-                                                     DBUS_TYPE_ARRAY,
-                                                     DBUS_TYPE_STRING_AS_STRING,
-                                                     &array_iter));
-
-    CRM_LOG_ASSERT(dbus_message_iter_append_basic (&array_iter, DBUS_TYPE_STRING, &arg_env));
-    CRM_LOG_ASSERT(dbus_message_iter_close_container (&iter, &array_iter));
-
-    CRM_LOG_ASSERT(dbus_message_append_args(msg, DBUS_TYPE_BOOLEAN, &arg_wait, DBUS_TYPE_INVALID));
+    CRM_LOG_ASSERT(dbus_message_iter_open_container(&iter,
+                                                    DBUS_TYPE_ARRAY,
+                                                    DBUS_TYPE_STRING_AS_STRING,
+                                                    &array_iter));
+    CRM_LOG_ASSERT(dbus_message_iter_append_basic(&array_iter,
+                                                  DBUS_TYPE_STRING, &arg_env));
+    CRM_LOG_ASSERT(dbus_message_iter_close_container(&iter, &array_iter));
+    CRM_LOG_ASSERT(dbus_message_append_args(msg, DBUS_TYPE_BOOLEAN, &arg_wait,
+                                            DBUS_TYPE_INVALID));
 
     if (!(op->synchronous)) {
         DBusPendingCall *pending = pcmk_dbus_send(msg, upstart_proxy,
-                                                  upstart_async_dispatch, op,
+                                                  job_method_complete, op,
                                                   op->timeout);
 
-        if (pending != NULL) { // Successfully initiated async op
+        if (pending == NULL) {
+            op->rc = PCMK_OCF_UNKNOWN_ERROR;
+            op->status = PCMK_EXEC_ERROR;
+            goto cleanup;
+
+        } else { // Successfully initiated async op
             free(job);
             services_set_op_pending(op, pending);
             services_add_inflight_op(op);
             return pcmk_rc_ok;
         }
-        goto cleanup;
     }
 
+    // Synchronous call
+
     dbus_error_init(&error);
     reply = pcmk_dbus_send_recv(msg, upstart_proxy, &error, op->timeout);
 
     if (dbus_error_is_set(&error)) {
-        if (!upstart_mask_error(op, error.name)) {
-            crm_err("Could not issue %s for %s: %s (%s)",
-                    action, op->rsc, error.message, job);
-        }
+        set_result_from_method_error(op, &error);
         dbus_error_free(&error);
 
     } else if (pcmk__str_eq(op->action, "stop", pcmk__str_none)) {
         // DBus call does not return a value
         op->rc = PCMK_OCF_OK;
         op->status = PCMK_EXEC_DONE;
 
     } else if (!pcmk_dbus_type_check(reply, NULL, DBUS_TYPE_OBJECT_PATH,
                                      __func__, __LINE__)) {
         crm_warn("Call to %s passed but return type was unexpected", op->action);
         op->rc = PCMK_OCF_OK;
         op->status = PCMK_EXEC_DONE;
 
     } else {
         const char *path = NULL;
 
         dbus_message_get_args(reply, NULL, DBUS_TYPE_OBJECT_PATH, &path,
                               DBUS_TYPE_INVALID);
         crm_info("Call to %s passed: %s", op->action, path);
         op->rc = PCMK_OCF_OK;
         op->status = PCMK_EXEC_DONE;
     }
 
 cleanup:
     free(job);
     if (msg != NULL) {
         dbus_message_unref(msg);
     }
     if (reply != NULL) {
         dbus_message_unref(reply);
     }
 
     if (op->synchronous) {
         return (op->rc == PCMK_OCF_OK)? pcmk_rc_ok : pcmk_rc_error;
     } else {
         return services__finalize_async_op(op);
     }
 }