diff --git a/lib/services/services.c b/lib/services/services.c
index 724def5067..73b8420936 100644
--- a/lib/services/services.c
+++ b/lib/services/services.c
@@ -1,1142 +1,1142 @@
 /*
  * Copyright 2010-2021 the Pacemaker project contributors
  *
  * The version control history for this file may have further details.
  *
  * This source code is licensed under the GNU Lesser General Public License
  * version 2.1 or later (LGPLv2.1+) WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY.
  */
 
 #include <crm_internal.h>
 
 #ifndef _GNU_SOURCE
 #  define _GNU_SOURCE
 #endif
 
 #include <sys/types.h>
 #include <sys/stat.h>
 #include <stdio.h>
 #include <errno.h>
 #include <unistd.h>
 #include <dirent.h>
 #include <fcntl.h>
 
 #include <crm/crm.h>
 #include <crm/common/mainloop.h>
 #include <crm/services.h>
 #include <crm/services_internal.h>
 #include <crm/stonith-ng.h>
 #include <crm/msg_xml.h>
 #include "services_private.h"
 #include "services_lsb.h"
 
 #if SUPPORT_UPSTART
 #  include <upstart.h>
 #endif
 
 #if SUPPORT_SYSTEMD
 #  include <systemd.h>
 #endif
 
 #if SUPPORT_NAGIOS
 #  include <services_nagios.h>
 #endif
 
 /* TODO: Develop a rollover strategy */
 
 static int operations = 0;
 static GHashTable *recurring_actions = NULL;
 
 /* ops waiting to run async because of conflicting active
  * pending ops */
 static GList *blocked_ops = NULL;
 
 /* ops currently active (in-flight) */
 static GList *inflight_ops = NULL;
 
 static void handle_blocked_ops(void);
 
 /*!
  * \brief Find first service class that can provide a specified agent
  *
  * \param[in] agent  Name of agent to search for
  *
  * \return Service class if found, NULL otherwise
  *
  * \note The priority is LSB, then systemd, then upstart. It would be preferable
  *       to put systemd first, but LSB merely requires a file existence check,
  *       while systemd requires contacting D-Bus.
  */
 const char *
 resources_find_service_class(const char *agent)
 {
     if (services__lsb_agent_exists(agent)) {
         return PCMK_RESOURCE_CLASS_LSB;
     }
 
 #if SUPPORT_SYSTEMD
     if (systemd_unit_exists(agent)) {
         return PCMK_RESOURCE_CLASS_SYSTEMD;
     }
 #endif
 
 #if SUPPORT_UPSTART
     if (upstart_job_exists(agent)) {
         return PCMK_RESOURCE_CLASS_UPSTART;
     }
 #endif
     return NULL;
 }
 
 static inline void
 init_recurring_actions(void)
 {
     if (recurring_actions == NULL) {
         recurring_actions = pcmk__strkey_table(NULL, NULL);
     }
 }
 
 /*!
  * \internal
  * \brief Check whether op is in-flight systemd or upstart op
  *
  * \param[in] op  Operation to check
  *
  * \return TRUE if op is in-flight systemd or upstart op
  */
 static inline gboolean
 inflight_systemd_or_upstart(svc_action_t *op)
 {
     return pcmk__strcase_any_of(op->standard, PCMK_RESOURCE_CLASS_SYSTEMD,
                            PCMK_RESOURCE_CLASS_UPSTART, NULL) &&
            g_list_find(inflight_ops, op) != NULL;
 }
 
 /*!
  * \internal
  * \brief Expand "service" alias to an actual resource class
  *
  * \param[in] rsc       Resource name (for logging only)
  * \param[in] standard  Resource class as configured
  * \param[in] agent     Agent name to look for
  *
  * \return Newly allocated string with actual resource class
  *
  * \note The caller is responsible for calling free() on the result.
  */
 static char *
 expand_resource_class(const char *rsc, const char *standard, const char *agent)
 {
     char *expanded_class = NULL;
 
     if (strcasecmp(standard, PCMK_RESOURCE_CLASS_SERVICE) == 0) {
         const char *found_class = resources_find_service_class(agent);
 
         if (found_class) {
             crm_debug("Found %s agent %s for %s", found_class, agent, rsc);
             expanded_class = strdup(found_class);
         } else {
             crm_info("Assuming resource class lsb for agent %s for %s",
                      agent, rsc);
             expanded_class = strdup(PCMK_RESOURCE_CLASS_LSB);
         }
     } else {
         expanded_class = strdup(standard);
     }
     CRM_ASSERT(expanded_class);
     return expanded_class;
 }
 
 
 svc_action_t *
 services__create_resource_action(const char *name, const char *standard,
                         const char *provider, const char *agent,
                         const char *action, guint interval_ms, int timeout,
                         GHashTable *params, enum svc_action_flags flags)
 {
     svc_action_t *op = NULL;
     uint32_t ra_caps = 0;
 
     /*
      * Do some up front sanity checks before we go off and
      * build the svc_action_t instance.
      */
 
     if (pcmk__str_empty(name)) {
         crm_err("Cannot create operation without resource name");
         goto return_error;
     }
 
     if (pcmk__str_empty(standard)) {
         crm_err("Cannot create operation for %s without resource class", name);
         goto return_error;
     }
     ra_caps = pcmk_get_ra_caps(standard);
 
     if (pcmk_is_set(ra_caps, pcmk_ra_cap_provider)
         && pcmk__str_empty(provider)) {
         crm_err("Cannot create operation for %s without provider", name);
         goto return_error;
     }
 
     if (pcmk__str_empty(agent)) {
         crm_err("Cannot create operation for %s without agent name", name);
         goto return_error;
     }
 
     if (pcmk__str_empty(action)) {
         crm_err("Cannot create operation for %s without operation name", name);
         goto return_error;
     }
 
     /*
      * Sanity checks passed, proceed!
      */
 
     op = calloc(1, sizeof(svc_action_t));
     op->opaque = calloc(1, sizeof(svc_action_private_t));
     op->rsc = strdup(name);
     op->interval_ms = interval_ms;
     op->timeout = timeout;
     op->standard = expand_resource_class(name, standard, agent);
     op->agent = strdup(agent);
     op->sequence = ++operations;
     op->flags = flags;
     op->id = pcmk__op_key(name, action, interval_ms);
 
     if (pcmk_is_set(ra_caps, pcmk_ra_cap_status)
         && pcmk__str_eq(action, "monitor", pcmk__str_casei)) {
 
         op->action = strdup("status");
     } else {
         op->action = strdup(action);
     }
 
     if (pcmk_is_set(ra_caps, pcmk_ra_cap_provider)) {
         op->provider = strdup(provider);
     }
 
     if (pcmk_is_set(ra_caps, pcmk_ra_cap_params)) {
         op->params = params;
         params = NULL; // so we don't free them in this function
     }
 
     if (strcasecmp(op->standard, PCMK_RESOURCE_CLASS_OCF) == 0) {
         char *dirs = strdup(OCF_RA_PATH);
         char *dir = NULL;
         char *buf = NULL;
         struct stat st;
 
         if (pcmk__str_empty(dirs)) {
             free(dirs);
             services__handle_exec_error(op, ENOMEM);
             return op;
         }
 
         for (dir = strtok(dirs, ":"); dir != NULL; dir = strtok(NULL, ":")) {
             buf = crm_strdup_printf("%s/%s/%s", dir, provider, agent);
             if (stat(buf, &st) == 0) {
                 break;
             }
             free(buf);
             buf = NULL;
         }
 
         free(dirs);
 
         if (buf) {
             op->opaque->exec = buf;
         } else {
             services__handle_exec_error(op, ENOENT);
             return op;
         }
 
         op->opaque->args[0] = strdup(op->opaque->exec);
         op->opaque->args[1] = strdup(op->action);
 
     } else if (strcasecmp(op->standard, PCMK_RESOURCE_CLASS_LSB) == 0) {
         op->opaque->exec = pcmk__full_path(op->agent, LSB_ROOT_DIR);
         op->opaque->args[0] = strdup(op->opaque->exec);
         op->opaque->args[1] = strdup(op->action);
 
 #if SUPPORT_SYSTEMD
     } else if (strcasecmp(op->standard, PCMK_RESOURCE_CLASS_SYSTEMD) == 0) {
         op->opaque->exec = strdup("systemd-dbus");
 #endif
 #if SUPPORT_UPSTART
     } else if (strcasecmp(op->standard, PCMK_RESOURCE_CLASS_UPSTART) == 0) {
         op->opaque->exec = strdup("upstart-dbus");
 #endif
 #if SUPPORT_NAGIOS
     } else if (strcasecmp(op->standard, PCMK_RESOURCE_CLASS_NAGIOS) == 0) {
         op->opaque->exec = pcmk__full_path(op->agent, NAGIOS_PLUGIN_DIR);
         op->opaque->args[0] = strdup(op->opaque->exec);
 
         if (pcmk__str_eq(op->action, "monitor", pcmk__str_casei) && (op->interval_ms == 0)) {
             /* Invoke --version for a nagios probe */
             op->opaque->args[1] = strdup("--version");
 
         } else if (op->params) {
             GHashTableIter iter;
             char *key = NULL;
             char *value = NULL;
             int index = 1;
             static int args_size = sizeof(op->opaque->args) / sizeof(char *);
 
             g_hash_table_iter_init(&iter, op->params);
 
             while (g_hash_table_iter_next(&iter, (gpointer *) & key, (gpointer *) & value) &&
                    index <= args_size - 3) {
 
                 if (pcmk__str_eq(key, XML_ATTR_CRM_VERSION, pcmk__str_casei) || strstr(key, CRM_META "_")) {
                     continue;
                 }
                 op->opaque->args[index++] = crm_strdup_printf("--%s", key);
                 op->opaque->args[index++] = strdup(value);
             }
         }
 
         // Nagios actions don't need to keep the parameters
         if (op->params != NULL) {
             g_hash_table_destroy(op->params);
             op->params = NULL;
         }
 #endif
     } else {
         crm_err("Unknown resource standard: %s", op->standard);
         services__handle_exec_error(op, ENOENT);
     }
 
   return_error:
     if(params) {
         g_hash_table_destroy(params);
     }
 
     return op;
 }
 
 svc_action_t *
 resources_action_create(const char *name, const char *standard,
                         const char *provider, const char *agent,
                         const char *action, guint interval_ms, int timeout,
                         GHashTable *params, enum svc_action_flags flags)
 {
     svc_action_t *op = services__create_resource_action(name, standard,
                             provider, agent, action, interval_ms, timeout,
                             params, flags);
     if (op == NULL || op->rc != 0) {
         services_action_free(op);
         return NULL;
     } else {
         return op;
     }
 }
 
 svc_action_t *
 services_action_create_generic(const char *exec, const char *args[])
 {
     svc_action_t *op;
     unsigned int cur_arg;
 
     op = calloc(1, sizeof(*op));
     op->opaque = calloc(1, sizeof(svc_action_private_t));
 
     op->opaque->exec = strdup(exec);
     op->opaque->args[0] = strdup(exec);
 
     for (cur_arg = 1; args && args[cur_arg - 1]; cur_arg++) {
         op->opaque->args[cur_arg] = strdup(args[cur_arg - 1]);
 
         if (cur_arg == PCMK__NELEM(op->opaque->args) - 1) {
             crm_err("svc_action_t args list not long enough for '%s' execution request.", exec);
             break;
         }
     }
 
     return op;
 }
 
 /*!
  * \brief Create an alert agent action
  *
  * \param[in] id        Alert ID
  * \param[in] exec      Path to alert agent executable
  * \param[in] timeout   Action timeout
  * \param[in] params    Parameters to use with action
  * \param[in] sequence  Action sequence number
  * \param[in] cb_data   Data to pass to callback function
  *
  * \return New action on success, NULL on error
  * \note It is the caller's responsibility to free cb_data.
  *       The caller should not free params explicitly.
  */
 svc_action_t *
 services_alert_create(const char *id, const char *exec, int timeout,
                       GHashTable *params, int sequence, void *cb_data)
 {
     svc_action_t *action = services_action_create_generic(exec, NULL);
 
     CRM_ASSERT(action);
     action->timeout = timeout;
     action->id = strdup(id);
     action->params = params;
     action->sequence = sequence;
     action->cb_data = cb_data;
     return action;
 }
 
 /*!
  * \brief Set the user and group that an action will execute as
  *
  * \param[in,out] action  Action to modify
  * \param[in]     user    Name of user to execute action as
  * \param[in]     group   Name of group to execute action as
  *
  * \return pcmk_ok on success, -errno otherwise
  *
  * \note This will have no effect unless the process executing the action runs
  *       as root, and the action is not a systemd or upstart action.
  *       We could implement this for systemd by adding User= and Group= to
  *       [Service] in the override file, but that seems more likely to cause
  *       problems than be useful.
  */
 int
 services_action_user(svc_action_t *op, const char *user)
 {
     CRM_CHECK((op != NULL) && (user != NULL), return -EINVAL);
     return crm_user_lookup(user, &(op->opaque->uid), &(op->opaque->gid));
 }
 
 /*!
  * \brief Execute an alert agent action
  *
  * \param[in] action  Action to execute
  * \param[in] cb      Function to call when action completes
  *
  * \return TRUE if the library will free action, FALSE otherwise
  *
  * \note If this function returns FALSE, it is the caller's responsibility to
  *       free the action with services_action_free().
  */
 gboolean
 services_alert_async(svc_action_t *action, void (*cb)(svc_action_t *op))
 {
     action->synchronous = false;
     action->opaque->callback = cb;
     return services_os_action_execute(action);
 }
 
 #if SUPPORT_DBUS
 /*!
  * \internal
  * \brief Update operation's pending DBus call, unreferencing old one if needed
  *
  * \param[in,out] op       Operation to modify
  * \param[in]     pending  Pending call to set
  */
 void
 services_set_op_pending(svc_action_t *op, DBusPendingCall *pending)
 {
     if (op->opaque->pending && (op->opaque->pending != pending)) {
         if (pending) {
             crm_info("Lost pending %s DBus call (%p)", op->id, op->opaque->pending);
         } else {
             crm_trace("Done with pending %s DBus call (%p)", op->id, op->opaque->pending);
         }
         dbus_pending_call_unref(op->opaque->pending);
     }
     op->opaque->pending = pending;
     if (pending) {
         crm_trace("Updated pending %s DBus call (%p)", op->id, pending);
     } else {
         crm_trace("Cleared pending %s DBus call", op->id);
     }
 }
 #endif
 
 void
 services_action_cleanup(svc_action_t * op)
 {
     if ((op == NULL) || (op->opaque == NULL)) {
         return;
     }
 
 #if SUPPORT_DBUS
     if(op->opaque->timerid != 0) {
         crm_trace("Removing timer for call %s to %s", op->action, op->rsc);
         g_source_remove(op->opaque->timerid);
         op->opaque->timerid = 0;
     }
 
     if(op->opaque->pending) {
         if (dbus_pending_call_get_completed(op->opaque->pending)) {
             // This should never be the case
             crm_warn("Result of %s op %s was unhandled",
                      op->standard, op->id);
         } else {
             crm_debug("Will ignore any result of canceled %s op %s",
                       op->standard, op->id);
         }
         dbus_pending_call_cancel(op->opaque->pending);
         services_set_op_pending(op, NULL);
     }
 #endif
 
     if (op->opaque->stderr_gsource) {
         mainloop_del_fd(op->opaque->stderr_gsource);
         op->opaque->stderr_gsource = NULL;
     }
 
     if (op->opaque->stdout_gsource) {
         mainloop_del_fd(op->opaque->stdout_gsource);
         op->opaque->stdout_gsource = NULL;
     }
 }
 
 void
 services_action_free(svc_action_t * op)
 {
     unsigned int i;
 
     if (op == NULL) {
         return;
     }
 
     /* The operation should be removed from all tracking lists by this point.
      * If it's not, we have a bug somewhere, so bail. That may lead to a
      * memory leak, but it's better than a use-after-free segmentation fault.
      */
     CRM_CHECK(g_list_find(inflight_ops, op) == NULL, return);
     CRM_CHECK(g_list_find(blocked_ops, op) == NULL, return);
     CRM_CHECK((recurring_actions == NULL)
               || (g_hash_table_lookup(recurring_actions, op->id) == NULL),
               return);
 
     services_action_cleanup(op);
 
     if (op->opaque->repeat_timer) {
         g_source_remove(op->opaque->repeat_timer);
         op->opaque->repeat_timer = 0;
     }
 
     free(op->id);
     free(op->opaque->exec);
 
     for (i = 0; i < PCMK__NELEM(op->opaque->args); i++) {
         free(op->opaque->args[i]);
     }
 
     free(op->opaque);
     free(op->rsc);
     free(op->action);
 
     free(op->standard);
     free(op->agent);
     free(op->provider);
 
     free(op->stdout_data);
     free(op->stderr_data);
 
     if (op->params) {
         g_hash_table_destroy(op->params);
         op->params = NULL;
     }
 
     free(op);
 }
 
 gboolean
 cancel_recurring_action(svc_action_t * op)
 {
     crm_info("Cancelling %s operation %s", op->standard, op->id);
 
     if (recurring_actions) {
         g_hash_table_remove(recurring_actions, op->id);
     }
 
     if (op->opaque->repeat_timer) {
         g_source_remove(op->opaque->repeat_timer);
         op->opaque->repeat_timer = 0;
     }
 
     return TRUE;
 }
 
 /*!
  * \brief Cancel a recurring action
  *
  * \param[in] name         Name of resource that operation is for
  * \param[in] action       Name of operation to cancel
  * \param[in] interval_ms  Interval of operation to cancel
  *
  * \return TRUE if action was successfully cancelled, FALSE otherwise
  */
 gboolean
 services_action_cancel(const char *name, const char *action, guint interval_ms)
 {
     gboolean cancelled = FALSE;
     char *id = pcmk__op_key(name, action, interval_ms);
     svc_action_t *op = NULL;
 
     /* We can only cancel a recurring action */
     init_recurring_actions();
     op = g_hash_table_lookup(recurring_actions, id);
     if (op == NULL) {
         goto done;
     }
 
     // Tell services__finalize_async_op() not to reschedule the operation
     op->cancel = TRUE;
 
     /* Stop tracking it as a recurring operation, and stop its repeat timer */
     cancel_recurring_action(op);
 
     /* If the op has a PID, it's an in-flight child process, so kill it.
      *
      * Whether the kill succeeds or fails, the main loop will send the op to
      * operation_finished() (and thus services__finalize_async_op()) when the
      * process goes away.
      */
     if (op->pid != 0) {
         crm_info("Terminating in-flight op %s[%d] early because it was cancelled",
                  id, op->pid);
         cancelled = mainloop_child_kill(op->pid);
         if (cancelled == FALSE) {
             crm_err("Termination of %s[%d] failed", id, op->pid);
         }
         goto done;
     }
 
 #if SUPPORT_DBUS
     // In-flight systemd and upstart ops don't have a pid
     if (inflight_systemd_or_upstart(op)) {
         inflight_ops = g_list_remove(inflight_ops, op);
 
         /* This will cause any result that comes in later to be discarded, so we
          * don't call the callback and free the operation twice.
          */
         services_action_cleanup(op);
     }
 #endif
 
     /* The rest of this is essentially equivalent to
      * services__finalize_async_op(), minus the handle_blocked_ops() call.
      */
 
     // Report operation as cancelled
     op->status = PCMK_EXEC_CANCELLED;
     if (op->opaque->callback) {
         op->opaque->callback(op);
     }
 
     blocked_ops = g_list_remove(blocked_ops, op);
     services_action_free(op);
     cancelled = TRUE;
     // @TODO Initiate handle_blocked_ops() asynchronously
 
 done:
     free(id);
     return cancelled;
 }
 
 gboolean
 services_action_kick(const char *name, const char *action, guint interval_ms)
 {
     svc_action_t * op = NULL;
     char *id = pcmk__op_key(name, action, interval_ms);
 
     init_recurring_actions();
     op = g_hash_table_lookup(recurring_actions, id);
     free(id);
 
     if (op == NULL) {
         return FALSE;
     }
 
 
     if (op->pid || inflight_systemd_or_upstart(op)) {
         return TRUE;
     } else {
         if (op->opaque->repeat_timer) {
             g_source_remove(op->opaque->repeat_timer);
             op->opaque->repeat_timer = 0;
         }
         recurring_action_timer(op);
         return TRUE;
     }
 
 }
 
 /*!
  * \internal
  * \brief Add a new recurring operation, checking for duplicates
  *
  * \param[in] op               Operation to add
  *
  * \return TRUE if duplicate found (and reschedule), FALSE otherwise
  */
 static gboolean
 handle_duplicate_recurring(svc_action_t * op)
 {
     svc_action_t * dup = NULL;
 
     /* check for duplicates */
     dup = g_hash_table_lookup(recurring_actions, op->id);
 
     if (dup && (dup != op)) {
         /* update user data */
         if (op->opaque->callback) {
             dup->opaque->callback = op->opaque->callback;
             dup->cb_data = op->cb_data;
             op->cb_data = NULL;
         }
         /* immediately execute the next interval */
         if (dup->pid != 0) {
             if (op->opaque->repeat_timer) {
                 g_source_remove(op->opaque->repeat_timer);
                 op->opaque->repeat_timer = 0;
             }
             recurring_action_timer(dup);
         }
         /* free the duplicate */
         services_action_free(op);
         return TRUE;
     }
 
     return FALSE;
 }
 
 inline static gboolean
 action_exec_helper(svc_action_t * op)
 {
     /* Whether a/synchronous must be decided (op->synchronous) beforehand. */
     if (op->standard
         && (strcasecmp(op->standard, PCMK_RESOURCE_CLASS_UPSTART) == 0)) {
 #if SUPPORT_UPSTART
-        return upstart_job_exec(op);
+        return upstart_job_exec(op) == pcmk_rc_ok;
 #endif
     } else if (op->standard && strcasecmp(op->standard,
                                           PCMK_RESOURCE_CLASS_SYSTEMD) == 0) {
 #if SUPPORT_SYSTEMD
         return services__execute_systemd(op) == pcmk_rc_ok;
 #endif
     } else {
         return services_os_action_execute(op);
     }
     /* The 'op' has probably been freed if the execution functions return TRUE
        for the asynchronous 'op'. */
     /* Avoid using the 'op' in here. */
 
     return FALSE;
 }
 
 void
 services_add_inflight_op(svc_action_t * op)
 {
     if (op == NULL) {
         return;
     }
 
     CRM_ASSERT(op->synchronous == FALSE);
 
     /* keep track of ops that are in-flight to avoid collisions in the same namespace */
     if (op->rsc) {
         inflight_ops = g_list_append(inflight_ops, op);
     }
 }
 
 /*!
  * \internal
  * \brief Stop tracking an operation that completed
  *
  * \param[in] op  Operation to stop tracking
  */
 void
 services_untrack_op(svc_action_t *op)
 {
     /* Op is no longer in-flight or blocked */
     inflight_ops = g_list_remove(inflight_ops, op);
     blocked_ops = g_list_remove(blocked_ops, op);
 
     /* Op is no longer blocking other ops, so check if any need to run */
     handle_blocked_ops();
 }
 
 gboolean
 services_action_async_fork_notify(svc_action_t * op,
                                   void (*action_callback) (svc_action_t *),
                                   void (*action_fork_callback) (svc_action_t *))
 {
     op->synchronous = false;
     if (action_callback) {
         op->opaque->callback = action_callback;
     }
     if (action_fork_callback) {
         op->opaque->fork_callback = action_fork_callback;
     }
 
     if (op->interval_ms > 0) {
         init_recurring_actions();
         if (handle_duplicate_recurring(op) == TRUE) {
             /* entry rescheduled, dup freed */
             /* exit early */
             return TRUE;
         }
         g_hash_table_replace(recurring_actions, op->id, op);
     }
 
     if (!pcmk_is_set(op->flags, SVC_ACTION_NON_BLOCKED)
         && op->rsc && is_op_blocked(op->rsc)) {
         blocked_ops = g_list_append(blocked_ops, op);
         return TRUE;
     }
 
     return action_exec_helper(op);
 }
 
 gboolean
 services_action_async(svc_action_t * op,
                       void (*action_callback) (svc_action_t *))
 {
     return services_action_async_fork_notify(op, action_callback, NULL);
 }
 
 static gboolean processing_blocked_ops = FALSE;
 
 gboolean
 is_op_blocked(const char *rsc)
 {
     GList *gIter = NULL;
     svc_action_t *op = NULL;
 
     for (gIter = inflight_ops; gIter != NULL; gIter = gIter->next) {
         op = gIter->data;
         if (pcmk__str_eq(op->rsc, rsc, pcmk__str_casei)) {
             return TRUE;
         }
     }
 
     return FALSE;
 }
 
 static void
 handle_blocked_ops(void)
 {
     GList *executed_ops = NULL;
     GList *gIter = NULL;
     svc_action_t *op = NULL;
     gboolean res = FALSE;
 
     if (processing_blocked_ops) {
         /* avoid nested calling of this function */
         return;
     }
 
     processing_blocked_ops = TRUE;
 
     /* n^2 operation here, but blocked ops are incredibly rare. this list
      * will be empty 99% of the time. */
     for (gIter = blocked_ops; gIter != NULL; gIter = gIter->next) {
         op = gIter->data;
         if (is_op_blocked(op->rsc)) {
             continue;
         }
         executed_ops = g_list_append(executed_ops, op);
         res = action_exec_helper(op);
         if (res == FALSE) {
             op->status = PCMK_EXEC_ERROR;
             /* this can cause this function to be called recursively
              * which is why we have processing_blocked_ops static variable */
             services__finalize_async_op(op);
         }
     }
 
     for (gIter = executed_ops; gIter != NULL; gIter = gIter->next) {
         op = gIter->data;
         blocked_ops = g_list_remove(blocked_ops, op);
     }
     g_list_free(executed_ops);
 
     processing_blocked_ops = FALSE;
 }
 
 static gboolean
 action_get_metadata(svc_action_t *op)
 {
     const char *class = op->standard;
 
     if (op->agent == NULL) {
         crm_err("meta-data requested without specifying agent");
         return FALSE;
     }
 
     if (class == NULL) {
         crm_err("meta-data requested for agent %s without specifying class",
                 op->agent);
         return FALSE;
     }
 
     if (!strcmp(class, PCMK_RESOURCE_CLASS_SERVICE)) {
         class = resources_find_service_class(op->agent);
     }
 
     if (class == NULL) {
         crm_err("meta-data requested for %s, but could not determine class",
                 op->agent);
         return FALSE;
     }
 
     if (pcmk__str_eq(class, PCMK_RESOURCE_CLASS_LSB, pcmk__str_casei)) {
         return (services__get_lsb_metadata(op->agent, &op->stdout_data) >= 0);
     }
 
 #if SUPPORT_NAGIOS
     if (pcmk__str_eq(class, PCMK_RESOURCE_CLASS_NAGIOS, pcmk__str_casei)) {
         return services__get_nagios_metadata(op->agent, &op->stdout_data) >= 0;
     }
 #endif
 
     return action_exec_helper(op);
 }
 
 gboolean
 services_action_sync(svc_action_t * op)
 {
     gboolean rc = TRUE;
 
     if (op == NULL) {
         crm_trace("No operation to execute");
         return FALSE;
     }
 
     op->synchronous = true;
 
     if (pcmk__str_eq(op->action, "meta-data", pcmk__str_casei)) {
         /* Synchronous meta-data operations are handled specially. Since most
          * resource classes don't provide any meta-data, it has to be
          * synthesized from available information about the agent.
          *
          * services_action_async() doesn't treat meta-data actions specially, so
          * it will result in an error for classes that don't support the action.
          */
         rc = action_get_metadata(op);
     } else {
         rc = action_exec_helper(op);
     }
     crm_trace(" > " PCMK__OP_FMT ": %s = %d",
               op->rsc, op->action, op->interval_ms, op->opaque->exec, op->rc);
     if (op->stdout_data) {
         crm_trace(" >  stdout: %s", op->stdout_data);
     }
     if (op->stderr_data) {
         crm_trace(" >  stderr: %s", op->stderr_data);
     }
     return rc;
 }
 
 GList *
 get_directory_list(const char *root, gboolean files, gboolean executable)
 {
     return services_os_get_directory_list(root, files, executable);
 }
 
 GList *
 resources_list_standards(void)
 {
     GList *standards = NULL;
 
     standards = g_list_append(standards, strdup(PCMK_RESOURCE_CLASS_OCF));
     standards = g_list_append(standards, strdup(PCMK_RESOURCE_CLASS_LSB));
     standards = g_list_append(standards, strdup(PCMK_RESOURCE_CLASS_SERVICE));
 
 #if SUPPORT_SYSTEMD
     {
         GList *agents = systemd_unit_listall();
 
         if (agents != NULL) {
             standards = g_list_append(standards,
                                       strdup(PCMK_RESOURCE_CLASS_SYSTEMD));
             g_list_free_full(agents, free);
         }
     }
 #endif
 
 #if SUPPORT_UPSTART
     {
         GList *agents = upstart_job_listall();
 
         if (agents != NULL) {
             standards = g_list_append(standards,
                                       strdup(PCMK_RESOURCE_CLASS_UPSTART));
             g_list_free_full(agents, free);
         }
     }
 #endif
 
 #if SUPPORT_NAGIOS
     {
         GList *agents = services__list_nagios_agents();
 
         if (agents != NULL) {
             standards = g_list_append(standards,
                                       strdup(PCMK_RESOURCE_CLASS_NAGIOS));
             g_list_free_full(agents, free);
         }
     }
 #endif
 
     return standards;
 }
 
 GList *
 resources_list_providers(const char *standard)
 {
     if (pcmk_is_set(pcmk_get_ra_caps(standard), pcmk_ra_cap_provider)) {
         return resources_os_list_ocf_providers();
     }
 
     return NULL;
 }
 
 GList *
 resources_list_agents(const char *standard, const char *provider)
 {
     if ((standard == NULL)
         || (strcasecmp(standard, PCMK_RESOURCE_CLASS_SERVICE) == 0)) {
 
         GList *tmp1;
         GList *tmp2;
         GList *result = services__list_lsb_agents();
 
         if (standard == NULL) {
             tmp1 = result;
             tmp2 = resources_os_list_ocf_agents(NULL);
             if (tmp2) {
                 result = g_list_concat(tmp1, tmp2);
             }
         }
 #if SUPPORT_SYSTEMD
         tmp1 = result;
         tmp2 = systemd_unit_listall();
         if (tmp2) {
             result = g_list_concat(tmp1, tmp2);
         }
 #endif
 
 #if SUPPORT_UPSTART
         tmp1 = result;
         tmp2 = upstart_job_listall();
         if (tmp2) {
             result = g_list_concat(tmp1, tmp2);
         }
 #endif
 
         return result;
 
     } else if (strcasecmp(standard, PCMK_RESOURCE_CLASS_OCF) == 0) {
         return resources_os_list_ocf_agents(provider);
     } else if (strcasecmp(standard, PCMK_RESOURCE_CLASS_LSB) == 0) {
         return services__list_lsb_agents();
 #if SUPPORT_SYSTEMD
     } else if (strcasecmp(standard, PCMK_RESOURCE_CLASS_SYSTEMD) == 0) {
         return systemd_unit_listall();
 #endif
 #if SUPPORT_UPSTART
     } else if (strcasecmp(standard, PCMK_RESOURCE_CLASS_UPSTART) == 0) {
         return upstart_job_listall();
 #endif
 #if SUPPORT_NAGIOS
     } else if (strcasecmp(standard, PCMK_RESOURCE_CLASS_NAGIOS) == 0) {
         return services__list_nagios_agents();
 #endif
     }
 
     return NULL;
 }
 
 gboolean
 resources_agent_exists(const char *standard, const char *provider, const char *agent)
 {
     GList *standards = NULL;
     GList *providers = NULL;
     GList *iter = NULL;
     gboolean rc = FALSE;
     gboolean has_providers = FALSE;
 
     standards = resources_list_standards();
     for (iter = standards; iter != NULL; iter = iter->next) {
         if (pcmk__str_eq(iter->data, standard, pcmk__str_none)) {
             rc = TRUE;
             break;
         }
     }
 
     if (rc == FALSE) {
         goto done;
     }
 
     rc = FALSE;
 
     has_providers = pcmk_is_set(pcmk_get_ra_caps(standard), pcmk_ra_cap_provider);
     if (has_providers == TRUE && provider != NULL) {
         providers = resources_list_providers(standard);
         for (iter = providers; iter != NULL; iter = iter->next) {
             if (pcmk__str_eq(iter->data, provider, pcmk__str_none)) {
                 rc = TRUE;
                 break;
             }
         }
     } else if (has_providers == FALSE && provider == NULL) {
         rc = TRUE;
     }
 
     if (rc == FALSE) {
         goto done;
     }
 
     if (pcmk__str_eq(standard, PCMK_RESOURCE_CLASS_SERVICE, pcmk__str_casei)) {
         if (services__lsb_agent_exists(agent)) {
             rc = TRUE;
 #if SUPPORT_SYSTEMD
         } else if (systemd_unit_exists(agent)) {
             rc = TRUE;
 #endif
 
 #if SUPPORT_UPSTART
         } else if (upstart_job_exists(agent)) {
             rc = TRUE;
 #endif
         } else {
             rc = FALSE;
         }
 
     } else if (pcmk__str_eq(standard, PCMK_RESOURCE_CLASS_OCF, pcmk__str_casei)) {
         rc = services__ocf_agent_exists(provider, agent);
 
     } else if (pcmk__str_eq(standard, PCMK_RESOURCE_CLASS_LSB, pcmk__str_casei)) {
         rc = services__lsb_agent_exists(agent);
 
 #if SUPPORT_SYSTEMD
     } else if (pcmk__str_eq(standard, PCMK_RESOURCE_CLASS_SYSTEMD, pcmk__str_casei)) {
         rc = systemd_unit_exists(agent);
 #endif
 
 #if SUPPORT_UPSTART
     } else if (pcmk__str_eq(standard, PCMK_RESOURCE_CLASS_UPSTART, pcmk__str_casei)) {
         rc = upstart_job_exists(agent);
 #endif
 
 #if SUPPORT_NAGIOS
     } else if (pcmk__str_eq(standard, PCMK_RESOURCE_CLASS_NAGIOS, pcmk__str_casei)) {
         rc = services__nagios_agent_exists(agent);
 #endif
 
     } else {
         rc = FALSE;
     }
 
 done:
     g_list_free(standards);
     g_list_free(providers);
     return rc;
 }
diff --git a/lib/services/upstart.c b/lib/services/upstart.c
index 1c169a77d1..01130a0683 100644
--- a/lib/services/upstart.c
+++ b/lib/services/upstart.c
@@ -1,565 +1,607 @@
 /*
  * Original copyright 2010 Senko Rasic <senko.rasic@dobarkod.hr>
  *                         and Ante Karamatic <ivoks@init.hr>
  * Later changes copyright 2012-2021 the Pacemaker project contributors
  *
  * The version control history for this file may have further details.
  *
  * This source code is licensed under the GNU Lesser General Public License
  * version 2.1 or later (LGPLv2.1+) WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY.
  */
 
 #include <crm_internal.h>
 
 #include <stdio.h>
 
 #include <crm/crm.h>
 #include <crm/services.h>
 #include <crm/common/mainloop.h>
 
 #include <services_private.h>
 #include <upstart.h>
 #include <dbus/dbus.h>
 #include <pcmk-dbus.h>
 
 #include <glib.h>
 #include <gio/gio.h>
 
 #define BUS_NAME "com.ubuntu.Upstart"
 #define BUS_PATH "/com/ubuntu/Upstart"
 
 #define UPSTART_06_API     BUS_NAME"0_6"
 #define UPSTART_JOB_IFACE  UPSTART_06_API".Job"
 #define BUS_PROPERTY_IFACE "org.freedesktop.DBus.Properties"
 
 /*
   http://upstart.ubuntu.com/wiki/DBusInterface
 */
 static DBusConnection *upstart_proxy = NULL;
 
 static gboolean
 upstart_init(void)
 {
     static int need_init = 1;
 
     if (need_init) {
         need_init = 0;
         upstart_proxy = pcmk_dbus_connect();
     }
     if (upstart_proxy == NULL) {
         return FALSE;
     }
     return TRUE;
 }
 
 void
 upstart_cleanup(void)
 {
     if (upstart_proxy) {
         pcmk_dbus_disconnect(upstart_proxy);
         upstart_proxy = NULL;
     }
 }
 
 static gboolean
 upstart_job_by_name(const gchar * arg_name, gchar ** out_unit, int timeout)
 {
 /*
   com.ubuntu.Upstart0_6.GetJobByName (in String name, out ObjectPath job)
 */
     DBusError error;
     DBusMessage *msg;
     DBusMessage *reply = NULL;
     const char *method = "GetJobByName";
 
     if(upstart_init() == FALSE) {
         return FALSE;
     }
     msg = dbus_message_new_method_call(BUS_NAME, // target for the method call
                                        BUS_PATH, // object to call on
                                        UPSTART_06_API, // interface to call on
                                        method); // method name
 
     dbus_error_init(&error);
     CRM_LOG_ASSERT(dbus_message_append_args(msg, DBUS_TYPE_STRING, &arg_name, DBUS_TYPE_INVALID));
     reply = pcmk_dbus_send_recv(msg, upstart_proxy, &error, timeout);
     dbus_message_unref(msg);
 
     if (dbus_error_is_set(&error)) {
         crm_err("Could not issue %s for %s: %s", method, arg_name, error.message);
         dbus_error_free(&error);
 
     } else if(!pcmk_dbus_type_check(reply, NULL, DBUS_TYPE_OBJECT_PATH, __func__, __LINE__)) {
         crm_err("Invalid return type for %s", method);
 
     } else {
         if(out_unit) {
             char *path = NULL;
 
             dbus_message_get_args (reply, NULL,
                                    DBUS_TYPE_OBJECT_PATH, &path,
                                    DBUS_TYPE_INVALID);
 
             *out_unit = strdup(path);
         }
         dbus_message_unref(reply);
         return TRUE;
     }
 
     if(reply) {
         dbus_message_unref(reply);
     }
     return FALSE;
 }
 
 static void
 fix(char *input, const char *search, char replace)
 {
     char *match = NULL;
     int shuffle = strlen(search) - 1;
 
     while (TRUE) {
         int len, lpc;
 
         match = strstr(input, search);
         if (match == NULL) {
             break;
         }
         crm_trace("Found: %s", match);
         match[0] = replace;
         len = strlen(match) - shuffle;
         for (lpc = 1; lpc <= len; lpc++) {
             match[lpc] = match[lpc + shuffle];
         }
     }
 }
 
 static char *
 fix_upstart_name(const char *input)
 {
     char *output = strdup(input);
 
     fix(output, "_2b", '+');
     fix(output, "_2c", ',');
     fix(output, "_2d", '-');
     fix(output, "_2e", '.');
     fix(output, "_40", '@');
     fix(output, "_5f", '_');
     return output;
 }
 
 GList *
 upstart_job_listall(void)
 {
     GList *units = NULL;
     DBusMessageIter args;
     DBusMessageIter unit;
     DBusMessage *msg = NULL;
     DBusMessage *reply = NULL;
     const char *method = "GetAllJobs";
     DBusError error;
     int lpc = 0;
 
     if (upstart_init() == FALSE) {
         return NULL;
     }
 
 /*
   com.ubuntu.Upstart0_6.GetAllJobs (out <Array of ObjectPath> jobs)
 */
 
     dbus_error_init(&error);
     msg = dbus_message_new_method_call(BUS_NAME, // target for the method call
                                        BUS_PATH, // object to call on
                                        UPSTART_06_API, // interface to call on
                                        method); // method name
     CRM_ASSERT(msg != NULL);
 
     reply = pcmk_dbus_send_recv(msg, upstart_proxy, &error, DBUS_TIMEOUT_USE_DEFAULT);
     dbus_message_unref(msg);
 
     if (dbus_error_is_set(&error)) {
         crm_err("Call to %s failed: %s", method, error.message);
         dbus_error_free(&error);
         return NULL;
 
     } else if (!dbus_message_iter_init(reply, &args)) {
         crm_err("Call to %s failed: Message has no arguments", method);
         dbus_message_unref(reply);
         return NULL;
     }
 
     if(!pcmk_dbus_type_check(reply, &args, DBUS_TYPE_ARRAY, __func__, __LINE__)) {
         crm_err("Call to %s failed: Message has invalid arguments", method);
         dbus_message_unref(reply);
         return NULL;
     }
 
     dbus_message_iter_recurse(&args, &unit);
     while (dbus_message_iter_get_arg_type (&unit) != DBUS_TYPE_INVALID) {
         DBusBasicValue value;
         const char *job = NULL;
         char *path = NULL;
 
         if(!pcmk_dbus_type_check(reply, &unit, DBUS_TYPE_OBJECT_PATH, __func__, __LINE__)) {
             crm_warn("Skipping Upstart reply argument with unexpected type");
             continue;
         }
 
         dbus_message_iter_get_basic(&unit, &value);
 
         if(value.str) {
             int llpc = 0;
             path = value.str;
             job = value.str;
             while (path[llpc] != 0) {
                 if (path[llpc] == '/') {
                     job = path + llpc + 1;
                 }
                 llpc++;
             }
             lpc++;
             crm_trace("%s -> %s", path, job);
             units = g_list_append(units, fix_upstart_name(job));
         }
         dbus_message_iter_next (&unit);
     }
 
     dbus_message_unref(reply);
     crm_trace("Found %d upstart jobs", lpc);
     return units;
 }
 
 gboolean
 upstart_job_exists(const char *name)
 {
     return upstart_job_by_name(name, NULL, DBUS_TIMEOUT_USE_DEFAULT);
 }
 
 static char *
 get_first_instance(const gchar * job, int timeout)
 {
     char *instance = NULL;
     const char *method = "GetAllInstances";
     DBusError error;
     DBusMessage *msg;
     DBusMessage *reply;
     DBusMessageIter args;
     DBusMessageIter unit;
 
     dbus_error_init(&error);
     msg = dbus_message_new_method_call(BUS_NAME, // target for the method call
                                        job, // object to call on
                                        UPSTART_JOB_IFACE, // interface to call on
                                        method); // method name
     CRM_ASSERT(msg != NULL);
 
     dbus_message_append_args(msg, DBUS_TYPE_INVALID);
     reply = pcmk_dbus_send_recv(msg, upstart_proxy, &error, timeout);
     dbus_message_unref(msg);
 
     if (dbus_error_is_set(&error)) {
         crm_err("Call to %s failed: %s", method, error.message);
         dbus_error_free(&error);
         goto done;
 
     } else if(reply == NULL) {
         crm_err("Call to %s failed: no reply", method);
         goto done;
 
     } else if (!dbus_message_iter_init(reply, &args)) {
         crm_err("Call to %s failed: Message has no arguments", method);
         goto done;
     }
 
     if(!pcmk_dbus_type_check(reply, &args, DBUS_TYPE_ARRAY, __func__, __LINE__)) {
         crm_err("Call to %s failed: Message has invalid arguments", method);
         goto done;
     }
 
     dbus_message_iter_recurse(&args, &unit);
     if(pcmk_dbus_type_check(reply, &unit, DBUS_TYPE_OBJECT_PATH, __func__, __LINE__)) {
         DBusBasicValue value;
 
         dbus_message_iter_get_basic(&unit, &value);
 
         if(value.str) {
             instance = strdup(value.str);
             crm_trace("Result: %s", instance);
         }
     }
 
   done:
     if(reply) {
         dbus_message_unref(reply);
     }
     return instance;
 }
 
 static void
 upstart_job_check(const char *name, const char *state, void *userdata)
 {
     svc_action_t * op = userdata;
 
     if (state && g_strcmp0(state, "running") == 0) {
         op->rc = PCMK_OCF_OK;
     } else {
         op->rc = PCMK_OCF_NOT_RUNNING;
     }
 
     if (op->synchronous == FALSE) {
         services_set_op_pending(op, NULL);
         services__finalize_async_op(op);
     }
 }
 
 static char *
 upstart_job_metadata(const char *name)
 {
     return crm_strdup_printf("<?xml version=\"1.0\"?>\n"
                            "<!DOCTYPE resource-agent SYSTEM \"ra-api-1.dtd\">\n"
                            "<resource-agent name=\"%s\" version=\"" PCMK_DEFAULT_AGENT_VERSION "\">\n"
                            "  <version>1.0</version>\n"
                            "  <longdesc lang=\"en\">\n"
                            "    Upstart agent for controlling the system %s service\n"
                            "  </longdesc>\n"
                            "  <shortdesc lang=\"en\">%s upstart agent</shortdesc>\n"
                            "  <parameters>\n"
                            "  </parameters>\n"
                            "  <actions>\n"
                            "    <action name=\"start\"   timeout=\"15\" />\n"
                            "    <action name=\"stop\"    timeout=\"15\" />\n"
                            "    <action name=\"status\"  timeout=\"15\" />\n"
                            "    <action name=\"restart\"  timeout=\"15\" />\n"
                            "    <action name=\"monitor\" timeout=\"15\" interval=\"15\" start-delay=\"15\" />\n"
                            "    <action name=\"meta-data\"  timeout=\"5\" />\n"
                            "  </actions>\n"
                            "  <special tag=\"upstart\">\n"
                            "  </special>\n" "</resource-agent>\n", name, name, name);
 }
 
 static bool
 upstart_mask_error(svc_action_t *op, const char *error)
 {
     crm_trace("Could not issue %s for %s: %s", op->action, op->rsc, error);
     if(strstr(error, UPSTART_06_API ".Error.UnknownInstance")) {
         if(pcmk__str_eq(op->action, "stop", pcmk__str_casei)) {
             crm_trace("Masking %s failure for %s: unknown services are stopped", op->action, op->rsc);
             op->rc = PCMK_OCF_OK;
 
         } else if(pcmk__str_eq(op->action, "start", pcmk__str_casei)) {
             crm_trace("Mapping %s failure for %s: unknown services are not installed", op->action, op->rsc);
             op->rc = PCMK_OCF_NOT_INSTALLED;
             op->status = PCMK_EXEC_NOT_INSTALLED;
         }
         return TRUE;
 
     } else if (pcmk__str_eq(op->action, "start", pcmk__str_casei)
                && strstr(error, UPSTART_06_API ".Error.AlreadyStarted")) {
         crm_trace("Mapping %s failure for %s: starting a started resource is allowed", op->action, op->rsc);
         op->rc = PCMK_OCF_OK;
         return TRUE;
     }
 
     return FALSE;
 }
 
 static void
 upstart_async_dispatch(DBusPendingCall *pending, void *user_data)
 {
     DBusError error;
     DBusMessage *reply = NULL;
     svc_action_t *op = user_data;
 
     dbus_error_init(&error);
     if(pending) {
         reply = dbus_pending_call_steal_reply(pending);
     }
 
     if (pcmk_dbus_find_error(pending, reply, &error)) {
 
         /* ignore "already started" or "not running" errors */
         if (!upstart_mask_error(op, error.name)) {
             crm_err("%s for %s: %s", op->action, op->rsc, error.message);
         }
         dbus_error_free(&error);
 
     } else if (!g_strcmp0(op->action, "stop")) {
         /* No return vaue */
         op->rc = PCMK_OCF_OK;
 
     } else {
         if(!pcmk_dbus_type_check(reply, NULL, DBUS_TYPE_OBJECT_PATH, __func__, __LINE__)) {
             crm_warn("Call to %s passed but return type was unexpected", op->action);
             op->rc = PCMK_OCF_OK;
 
         } else {
             const char *path = NULL;
 
             dbus_message_get_args (reply, NULL,
                                    DBUS_TYPE_OBJECT_PATH, &path,
                                    DBUS_TYPE_INVALID);
             crm_info("Call to %s passed: %s", op->action, path);
             op->rc = PCMK_OCF_OK;
         }
     }
 
     CRM_LOG_ASSERT(pending == op->opaque->pending);
     services_set_op_pending(op, NULL);
     services__finalize_async_op(op);
 
     if(reply) {
         dbus_message_unref(reply);
     }
 }
 
-/* For an asynchronous 'op', returns FALSE if 'op' should be free'd by the caller */
-/* For a synchronous 'op', returns FALSE if 'op' fails */
-gboolean
-upstart_job_exec(svc_action_t * op)
+/*!
+ * \internal
+ * \brief Execute an Upstart action
+ *
+ * \param[in] op  Action to execute
+ *
+ * \return Standard Pacemaker return code
+ * \retval EBUSY          Recurring operation could not be initiated
+ * \retval pcmk_rc_error  Synchronous action failed
+ * \retval pcmk_rc_ok     Synchronous action succeeded, or asynchronous action
+ *                        should not be freed (because it already was or is
+ *                        pending)
+ *
+ * \note If the return value for an asynchronous action is not pcmk_rc_ok, the
+ *       caller is responsible for freeing the action.
+ */
+int
+services__execute_upstart(svc_action_t *op)
 {
     char *job = NULL;
     int arg_wait = TRUE;
     const char *arg_env = "pacemaker=1";
     const char *action = op->action;
 
     DBusError error;
     DBusMessage *msg = NULL;
     DBusMessage *reply = NULL;
     DBusMessageIter iter, array_iter;
 
-    op->rc = PCMK_OCF_UNKNOWN_ERROR;
-    CRM_ASSERT(upstart_init());
+    CRM_ASSERT(op != NULL);
+
+    if ((op->action == NULL) || (op->agent == NULL)) {
+        op->rc = PCMK_OCF_NOT_CONFIGURED;
+        op->status = PCMK_EXEC_ERROR_FATAL;
+        goto cleanup;
+    }
+
+    if (!upstart_init()) {
+        op->rc = PCMK_OCF_UNKNOWN_ERROR;
+        op->status = PCMK_EXEC_ERROR;
+        goto cleanup;
+    }
 
     if (pcmk__str_eq(op->action, "meta-data", pcmk__str_casei)) {
         op->stdout_data = upstart_job_metadata(op->agent);
         op->rc = PCMK_OCF_OK;
+        op->status = PCMK_EXEC_DONE;
         goto cleanup;
     }
 
-    if(!upstart_job_by_name(op->agent, &job, op->timeout)) {
-        crm_debug("Could not obtain job named '%s' to %s", op->agent, action);
-        if (!g_strcmp0(action, "stop")) {
+    if (!upstart_job_by_name(op->agent, &job, op->timeout)) {
+        crm_debug("Could not find Upstart job '%s' to %s", op->agent, action);
+        if (pcmk__str_eq(action, "stop", pcmk__str_none)) {
             op->rc = PCMK_OCF_OK;
-
+            op->status = PCMK_EXEC_DONE;
         } else {
             op->rc = PCMK_OCF_NOT_INSTALLED;
             op->status = PCMK_EXEC_NOT_INSTALLED;
         }
         goto cleanup;
     }
 
     if (pcmk__strcase_any_of(op->action, "monitor", "status", NULL)) {
+        DBusPendingCall *pending = NULL;
+        char *state = NULL;
         char *path = get_first_instance(job, op->timeout);
 
         op->rc = PCMK_OCF_NOT_RUNNING;
-        if(path) {
-            DBusPendingCall *pending = NULL;
-            char *state = pcmk_dbus_get_property(
-                upstart_proxy, BUS_NAME, path, UPSTART_06_API ".Instance", "state",
-                op->synchronous?NULL:upstart_job_check, op,
-                op->synchronous?NULL:&pending, op->timeout);
-
+        op->status = PCMK_EXEC_DONE;
+        if (path == NULL) {
+            goto cleanup;
+        }
+        state = pcmk_dbus_get_property(upstart_proxy, BUS_NAME, path,
+                                       UPSTART_06_API ".Instance", "state",
+                                       op->synchronous? NULL : upstart_job_check,
+                                       op,
+                                       op->synchronous? NULL : &pending,
+                                       op->timeout);
+        free(path);
+
+        if (op->synchronous) {
+            upstart_job_check("state", state, op);
+            free(state);
+
+        } else if (pending != NULL) { // Successfully initiated async op
             free(job);
-            free(path);
-
-            if(op->synchronous) {
-                upstart_job_check("state", state, op);
-                free(state);
-                return op->rc == PCMK_OCF_OK;
-            } else if (pending) {
-                services_set_op_pending(op, pending);
-                services_add_inflight_op(op);
-                return TRUE;
-            }
-            return FALSE;
+            services_set_op_pending(op, pending);
+            services_add_inflight_op(op);
+            return pcmk_rc_ok;
         }
+
         goto cleanup;
 
-    } else if (!g_strcmp0(action, "start")) {
+    } else if (pcmk__str_eq(action, "start", pcmk__str_none)) {
         action = "Start";
-    } else if (!g_strcmp0(action, "stop")) {
+
+    } else if (pcmk__str_eq(action, "stop", pcmk__str_none)) {
         action = "Stop";
-    } else if (!g_strcmp0(action, "restart")) {
+
+    } else if (pcmk__str_eq(action, "restart", pcmk__str_none)) {
         action = "Restart";
+
     } else {
         op->rc = PCMK_OCF_UNIMPLEMENT_FEATURE;
+        op->status = PCMK_EXEC_ERROR_HARD;
         goto cleanup;
     }
 
-    crm_debug("Calling %s for %s on %s", action, op->rsc, job);
+    // Initialize rc/status in case called functions don't set them
+    op->rc = PCMK_OCF_UNKNOWN_ERROR;
+    op->status = PCMK_EXEC_DONE;
+
+    crm_debug("Calling %s for %s on %s", action, crm_str(op->rsc), job);
 
     msg = dbus_message_new_method_call(BUS_NAME, // target for the method call
                                        job, // object to call on
                                        UPSTART_JOB_IFACE, // interface to call on
                                        action); // method name
     CRM_ASSERT(msg != NULL);
 
     dbus_message_iter_init_append (msg, &iter);
 
     CRM_LOG_ASSERT(dbus_message_iter_open_container (&iter,
                                                      DBUS_TYPE_ARRAY,
                                                      DBUS_TYPE_STRING_AS_STRING,
                                                      &array_iter));
 
     CRM_LOG_ASSERT(dbus_message_iter_append_basic (&array_iter, DBUS_TYPE_STRING, &arg_env));
     CRM_LOG_ASSERT(dbus_message_iter_close_container (&iter, &array_iter));
 
     CRM_LOG_ASSERT(dbus_message_append_args(msg, DBUS_TYPE_BOOLEAN, &arg_wait, DBUS_TYPE_INVALID));
 
-    if (op->synchronous == FALSE) {
-        DBusPendingCall* pending = pcmk_dbus_send(msg, upstart_proxy, upstart_async_dispatch, op, op->timeout);
-        free(job);
+    if (!(op->synchronous)) {
+        DBusPendingCall *pending = pcmk_dbus_send(msg, upstart_proxy,
+                                                  upstart_async_dispatch, op,
+                                                  op->timeout);
 
-        if(pending) {
+        if (pending != NULL) { // Successfully initiated async op
+            free(job);
             services_set_op_pending(op, pending);
             services_add_inflight_op(op);
-            return TRUE;
+            return pcmk_rc_ok;
         }
-        return FALSE;
+        goto cleanup;
     }
 
     dbus_error_init(&error);
     reply = pcmk_dbus_send_recv(msg, upstart_proxy, &error, op->timeout);
 
     if (dbus_error_is_set(&error)) {
-        if(!upstart_mask_error(op, error.name)) {
+        if (!upstart_mask_error(op, error.name)) {
             crm_err("Could not issue %s for %s: %s (%s)",
                     action, op->rsc, error.message, job);
         }
         dbus_error_free(&error);
 
-    } else if (!g_strcmp0(op->action, "stop")) {
-        /* No return vaue */
+    } else if (pcmk__str_eq(op->action, "stop", pcmk__str_none)) {
+        // DBus call does not return a value
         op->rc = PCMK_OCF_OK;
+        op->status = PCMK_EXEC_DONE;
 
-    } else if(!pcmk_dbus_type_check(reply, NULL, DBUS_TYPE_OBJECT_PATH, __func__, __LINE__)) {
+    } else if (!pcmk_dbus_type_check(reply, NULL, DBUS_TYPE_OBJECT_PATH,
+                                     __func__, __LINE__)) {
         crm_warn("Call to %s passed but return type was unexpected", op->action);
         op->rc = PCMK_OCF_OK;
+        op->status = PCMK_EXEC_DONE;
 
     } else {
         const char *path = NULL;
 
-        dbus_message_get_args (reply, NULL,
-                               DBUS_TYPE_OBJECT_PATH, &path,
-                               DBUS_TYPE_INVALID);
+        dbus_message_get_args(reply, NULL, DBUS_TYPE_OBJECT_PATH, &path,
+                              DBUS_TYPE_INVALID);
         crm_info("Call to %s passed: %s", op->action, path);
         op->rc = PCMK_OCF_OK;
+        op->status = PCMK_EXEC_DONE;
     }
 
-
-  cleanup:
+cleanup:
     free(job);
-    if(msg) {
+    if (msg != NULL) {
         dbus_message_unref(msg);
     }
-
-    if(reply) {
+    if (reply != NULL) {
         dbus_message_unref(reply);
     }
 
-    if (op->synchronous == FALSE) {
-        return services__finalize_async_op(op) == pcmk_rc_ok;
+    if (op->synchronous) {
+        return (op->rc == PCMK_OCF_OK)? pcmk_rc_ok : pcmk_rc_error;
+    } else {
+        return services__finalize_async_op(op);
     }
-    return op->rc == PCMK_OCF_OK;
 }
diff --git a/lib/services/upstart.h b/lib/services/upstart.h
index d44306edd2..2e18d2c4b4 100644
--- a/lib/services/upstart.h
+++ b/lib/services/upstart.h
@@ -1,22 +1,25 @@
 /*
  * Copyright 2010 Senko Rasic <senko.rasic@dobarkod.hr>
  * Copyright 2010 Ante Karamatic <ivoks@init.hr>
  * Later changes copyright 2012-2021 the Pacemaker project contributors
  *
  * The version control history for this file may have further details.
  *
  * This source code is licensed under the GNU Lesser General Public License
  * version 2.1 or later (LGPLv2.1+) WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY.
  */
 #ifndef UPSTART__H
 #  define UPSTART__H
 
 #  include <glib.h>
 #  include "crm/services.h"
 
 G_GNUC_INTERNAL GList *upstart_job_listall(void);
-G_GNUC_INTERNAL gboolean upstart_job_exec(svc_action_t * op);
+
+G_GNUC_INTERNAL
+int services__execute_upstart(svc_action_t *op);
+
 G_GNUC_INTERNAL gboolean upstart_job_exists(const gchar * name);
 G_GNUC_INTERNAL void upstart_cleanup(void);
 
 #endif  /* UPSTART__H */