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	diff --git a/include/crm/services_internal.h b/include/crm/services_internal.h
	index 0b4b15e75e..4cb3829e05 100644
	--- a/include/crm/services_internal.h
	+++ b/include/crm/services_internal.h
	@@ -1,54 +1,58 @@
	/*
	- * Copyright 2010-2021 the Pacemaker project contributors
	+ * Copyright 2010-2022 the Pacemaker project contributors
	*
	* The version control history for this file may have further details.
	*
	* This source code is licensed under the GNU Lesser General Public License
	* version 2.1 or later (LGPLv2.1+) WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY.
	*/

	#ifndef PCMK__SERVICES_INTERNAL__H
	# define PCMK__SERVICES_INTERNAL__H

	#ifdef __cplusplus
	extern "C" {
	#endif

	/**
	* \brief Create a new resource action
	*
	* \param[in] name Name of resource
	* \param[in] standard Resource agent standard (ocf, lsb, etc.)
	* \param[in] provider Resource agent provider
	* \param[in] agent Resource agent name
	* \param[in] action action (start, stop, monitor, etc.)
	* \param[in] interval_ms How often to repeat this action (if 0, execute once)
	* \param[in] timeout Consider action failed if it does not complete in this many milliseconds
	* \param[in] params Action parameters
	*
	* \return NULL if not enough memory, otherwise newly allocated action instance
	* (if its rc member is not PCMK_OCF_UNKNOWN, the action is invalid)
	*
	* \post After the call, 'params' is owned, and later free'd by the svc_action_t result
	* \note The caller is responsible for freeing the return value using
	* services_action_free().
	*/
	svc_action_t services__create_resource_action(const char name, const char *standard,
	const char provider, const char agent,
	const char *action, guint interval_ms,
	int timeout /* ms /, GHashTable params,
	enum svc_action_flags flags);

	const char services__exit_reason(svc_action_t action);
	char services__grab_stdout(svc_action_t action);
	char services__grab_stderr(svc_action_t action);

	void services__set_result(svc_action_t *action, int agent_status,
	enum pcmk_exec_status exec_status,
	const char *exit_reason);

	+void services__format_result(svc_action_t *action, int agent_status,
	+ enum pcmk_exec_status exec_status,
	+ const char *format, ...) G_GNUC_PRINTF(4, 5);
	+
	# ifdef __cplusplus
	}
	# endif

	#endif /* PCMK__SERVICES_INTERNAL__H */
	diff --git a/lib/services/services.c b/lib/services/services.c
	index eb0beec224..66e9abeedd 100644
	--- a/lib/services/services.c
	+++ b/lib/services/services.c
	@@ -1,1356 +1,1393 @@
	/*
	* Copyright 2010-2022 the Pacemaker project contributors
	*
	* The version control history for this file may have further details.
	*
	* This source code is licensed under the GNU Lesser General Public License
	* version 2.1 or later (LGPLv2.1+) WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY.
	*/

	#include <crm_internal.h>

	#ifndef _GNU_SOURCE
	# define _GNU_SOURCE
	#endif

	#include <sys/types.h>
	#include <sys/stat.h>
	#include <stdio.h>
	#include <errno.h>
	#include <unistd.h>
	#include <dirent.h>
	#include <fcntl.h>

	#include <crm/crm.h>
	#include <crm/common/mainloop.h>
	#include <crm/services.h>
	#include <crm/services_internal.h>
	#include <crm/stonith-ng.h>
	#include <crm/msg_xml.h>
	#include "services_private.h"
	#include "services_ocf.h"
	#include "services_lsb.h"

	#if SUPPORT_UPSTART
	# include <upstart.h>
	#endif

	#if SUPPORT_SYSTEMD
	# include <systemd.h>
	#endif

	#if SUPPORT_NAGIOS
	# include <services_nagios.h>
	#endif

	/* TODO: Develop a rollover strategy */

	static int operations = 0;
	static GHashTable *recurring_actions = NULL;

	/* ops waiting to run async because of conflicting active
	* pending ops */
	static GList *blocked_ops = NULL;

	/* ops currently active (in-flight) */
	static GList *inflight_ops = NULL;

	static void handle_blocked_ops(void);

	/*!
	* \brief Find first service class that can provide a specified agent
	*
	* \param[in] agent Name of agent to search for
	*
	* \return Service class if found, NULL otherwise
	*
	* \note The priority is LSB, then systemd, then upstart. It would be preferable
	* to put systemd first, but LSB merely requires a file existence check,
	* while systemd requires contacting D-Bus.
	*/
	const char *
	resources_find_service_class(const char *agent)
	{
	if (services__lsb_agent_exists(agent)) {
	return PCMK_RESOURCE_CLASS_LSB;
	}

	#if SUPPORT_SYSTEMD
	if (systemd_unit_exists(agent)) {
	return PCMK_RESOURCE_CLASS_SYSTEMD;
	}
	#endif

	#if SUPPORT_UPSTART
	if (upstart_job_exists(agent)) {
	return PCMK_RESOURCE_CLASS_UPSTART;
	}
	#endif
	return NULL;
	}

	static inline void
	init_recurring_actions(void)
	{
	if (recurring_actions == NULL) {
	recurring_actions = pcmk__strkey_table(NULL, NULL);
	}
	}

	/*!
	* \internal
	* \brief Check whether op is in-flight systemd or upstart op
	*
	* \param[in] op Operation to check
	*
	* \return TRUE if op is in-flight systemd or upstart op
	*/
	static inline gboolean
	inflight_systemd_or_upstart(svc_action_t *op)
	{
	return pcmk__strcase_any_of(op->standard, PCMK_RESOURCE_CLASS_SYSTEMD,
	PCMK_RESOURCE_CLASS_UPSTART, NULL) &&
	g_list_find(inflight_ops, op) != NULL;
	}

	/*!
	* \internal
	* \brief Expand "service" alias to an actual resource class
	*
	* \param[in] rsc Resource name (for logging only)
	* \param[in] standard Resource class as configured
	* \param[in] agent Agent name to look for
	*
	* \return Newly allocated string with actual resource class
	*
	* \note The caller is responsible for calling free() on the result.
	*/
	static char *
	expand_resource_class(const char rsc, const char standard, const char *agent)
	{
	char *expanded_class = NULL;

	if (strcasecmp(standard, PCMK_RESOURCE_CLASS_SERVICE) == 0) {
	const char *found_class = resources_find_service_class(agent);

	if (found_class) {
	crm_debug("Found %s agent %s for %s", found_class, agent, rsc);
	expanded_class = strdup(found_class);
	} else {
	crm_info("Assuming resource class lsb for agent %s for %s",
	agent, rsc);
	expanded_class = strdup(PCMK_RESOURCE_CLASS_LSB);
	}
	} else {
	expanded_class = strdup(standard);
	}
	CRM_ASSERT(expanded_class);
	return expanded_class;
	}

	/*!
	* \internal
	* \brief Create a simple svc_action_t instance
	*
	* \return Newly allocated instance (or NULL if not enough memory)
	*/
	static svc_action_t *
	new_action(void)
	{
	svc_action_t *op = calloc(1, sizeof(svc_action_t));

	if (op == NULL) {
	return NULL;
	}

	op->opaque = calloc(1, sizeof(svc_action_private_t));
	if (op->opaque == NULL) {
	free(op);
	return NULL;
	}

	// Initialize result
	services__set_result(op, PCMK_OCF_UNKNOWN, PCMK_EXEC_UNKNOWN, NULL);
	return op;
	}

	static bool
	required_argument_missing(uint32_t ra_caps, const char *name,
	const char standard, const char provider,
	const char agent, const char action)
	{
	if (pcmk__str_empty(name)) {
	crm_info("Cannot create operation without resource name (bug?)");
	return true;
	}

	if (pcmk__str_empty(standard)) {
	crm_info("Cannot create operation for %s without resource class (bug?)",
	name);
	return true;
	}

	if (pcmk_is_set(ra_caps, pcmk_ra_cap_provider)
	&& pcmk__str_empty(provider)) {
	crm_info("Cannot create operation for %s resource %s "
	"without provider (bug?)", standard, name);
	return true;
	}

	if (pcmk__str_empty(agent)) {
	crm_info("Cannot create operation for %s without agent name (bug?)",
	name);
	return true;
	}

	if (pcmk__str_empty(action)) {
	crm_info("Cannot create operation for %s without action name (bug?)",
	name);
	return true;
	}
	return false;
	}

	// \return Standard Pacemaker return code (pcmk_rc_ok or ENOMEM)
	static int
	copy_action_arguments(svc_action_t op, uint32_t ra_caps, const char name,
	const char standard, const char provider,
	const char agent, const char action)
	{
	op->rsc = strdup(name);
	if (op->rsc == NULL) {
	return ENOMEM;
	}

	op->agent = strdup(agent);
	if (op->agent == NULL) {
	return ENOMEM;
	}

	op->standard = expand_resource_class(name, standard, agent);
	if (op->standard == NULL) {
	return ENOMEM;
	}

	if (pcmk_is_set(ra_caps, pcmk_ra_cap_status)
	&& pcmk__str_eq(action, "monitor", pcmk__str_casei)) {
	action = "status";
	}
	op->action = strdup(action);
	if (op->action == NULL) {
	return ENOMEM;
	}

	if (pcmk_is_set(ra_caps, pcmk_ra_cap_provider)) {
	op->provider = strdup(provider);
	if (op->provider == NULL) {
	return ENOMEM;
	}
	}
	return pcmk_rc_ok;
	}

	svc_action_t *
	services__create_resource_action(const char name, const char standard,
	const char provider, const char agent,
	const char *action, guint interval_ms, int timeout,
	GHashTable *params, enum svc_action_flags flags)
	{
	svc_action_t *op = NULL;
	uint32_t ra_caps = pcmk_get_ra_caps(standard);
	int rc = pcmk_rc_ok;

	op = new_action();
	if (op == NULL) {
	crm_crit("Cannot prepare action: %s", strerror(ENOMEM));
	if (params != NULL) {
	g_hash_table_destroy(params);
	}
	return NULL;
	}

	op->interval_ms = interval_ms;
	op->timeout = timeout;
	op->flags = flags;
	op->sequence = ++operations;

	// Take ownership of params
	if (pcmk_is_set(ra_caps, pcmk_ra_cap_params)) {
	op->params = params;
	} else if (params != NULL) {
	g_hash_table_destroy(params);
	params = NULL;
	}

	if (required_argument_missing(ra_caps, name, standard, provider, agent,
	action)) {
	services__set_result(op, services__generic_error(op),
	PCMK_EXEC_ERROR_FATAL,
	"Required agent or action information missing");
	return op;
	}

	op->id = pcmk__op_key(name, action, interval_ms);

	if (copy_action_arguments(op, ra_caps, name, standard, provider, agent,
	action) != pcmk_rc_ok) {
	crm_crit("Cannot prepare %s action for %s: %s",
	action, name, strerror(ENOMEM));
	services__handle_exec_error(op, ENOMEM);
	return op;
	}

	if (strcasecmp(op->standard, PCMK_RESOURCE_CLASS_OCF) == 0) {
	rc = services__ocf_prepare(op);

	} else if (strcasecmp(op->standard, PCMK_RESOURCE_CLASS_LSB) == 0) {
	rc = services__lsb_prepare(op);

	#if SUPPORT_SYSTEMD
	} else if (strcasecmp(op->standard, PCMK_RESOURCE_CLASS_SYSTEMD) == 0) {
	rc = services__systemd_prepare(op);
	#endif
	#if SUPPORT_UPSTART
	} else if (strcasecmp(op->standard, PCMK_RESOURCE_CLASS_UPSTART) == 0) {
	rc = services__upstart_prepare(op);
	#endif
	#if SUPPORT_NAGIOS
	} else if (strcasecmp(op->standard, PCMK_RESOURCE_CLASS_NAGIOS) == 0) {
	rc = services__nagios_prepare(op);
	#endif
	} else {
	crm_info("Unknown resource standard: %s", op->standard);
	rc = ENOENT;
	}

	if (rc != pcmk_rc_ok) {
	crm_info("Cannot prepare %s operation for %s: %s",
	action, name, strerror(rc));
	services__handle_exec_error(op, rc);
	}
	return op;
	}

	svc_action_t *
	resources_action_create(const char name, const char standard,
	const char provider, const char agent,
	const char *action, guint interval_ms, int timeout,
	GHashTable *params, enum svc_action_flags flags)
	{
	svc_action_t *op = services__create_resource_action(name, standard,
	provider, agent, action, interval_ms, timeout,
	params, flags);
	if (op == NULL \|\| op->rc != 0) {
	services_action_free(op);
	return NULL;
	} else {
	// Preserve public API backward compatibility
	op->rc = PCMK_OCF_OK;
	op->status = PCMK_EXEC_DONE;

	return op;
	}
	}

	svc_action_t *
	services_action_create_generic(const char exec, const char args[])
	{
	svc_action_t *op = new_action();

	CRM_ASSERT(op != NULL);

	op->opaque->exec = strdup(exec);
	op->opaque->args[0] = strdup(exec);
	if ((op->opaque->exec == NULL) \|\| (op->opaque->args[0] == NULL)) {
	crm_crit("Cannot prepare action for '%s': %s", exec, strerror(ENOMEM));
	services__set_result(op, PCMK_OCF_UNKNOWN_ERROR, PCMK_EXEC_ERROR,
	strerror(ENOMEM));
	return op;
	}

	if (args == NULL) {
	return op;
	}

	for (int cur_arg = 1; args[cur_arg - 1] != NULL; cur_arg++) {

	if (cur_arg == PCMK__NELEM(op->opaque->args)) {
	crm_info("Cannot prepare action for '%s': Too many arguments",
	exec);
	services__set_result(op, PCMK_OCF_UNKNOWN_ERROR,
	PCMK_EXEC_ERROR_HARD, "Too many arguments");
	break;
	}

	op->opaque->args[cur_arg] = strdup(args[cur_arg - 1]);
	if (op->opaque->args[cur_arg] == NULL) {
	crm_crit("Cannot prepare action for '%s': %s",
	exec, strerror(ENOMEM));
	services__set_result(op, PCMK_OCF_UNKNOWN_ERROR, PCMK_EXEC_ERROR,
	strerror(ENOMEM));
	break;
	}
	}

	return op;
	}

	/*!
	* \brief Create an alert agent action
	*
	* \param[in] id Alert ID
	* \param[in] exec Path to alert agent executable
	* \param[in] timeout Action timeout
	* \param[in] params Parameters to use with action
	* \param[in] sequence Action sequence number
	* \param[in] cb_data Data to pass to callback function
	*
	* \return New action on success, NULL on error
	* \note It is the caller's responsibility to free cb_data.
	* The caller should not free params explicitly.
	*/
	svc_action_t *
	services_alert_create(const char id, const char exec, int timeout,
	GHashTable params, int sequence, void cb_data)
	{
	svc_action_t *action = services_action_create_generic(exec, NULL);

	action->id = strdup(id);
	action->standard = strdup(PCMK_RESOURCE_CLASS_ALERT);
	CRM_ASSERT((action->id != NULL) && (action->standard != NULL));

	action->timeout = timeout;
	action->params = params;
	action->sequence = sequence;
	action->cb_data = cb_data;
	return action;
	}

	/*!
	* \brief Set the user and group that an action will execute as
	*
	* \param[in,out] action Action to modify
	* \param[in] user Name of user to execute action as
	* \param[in] group Name of group to execute action as
	*
	* \return pcmk_ok on success, -errno otherwise
	*
	* \note This will have no effect unless the process executing the action runs
	* as root, and the action is not a systemd or upstart action.
	* We could implement this for systemd by adding User= and Group= to
	* [Service] in the override file, but that seems more likely to cause
	* problems than be useful.
	*/
	int
	services_action_user(svc_action_t op, const char user)
	{
	CRM_CHECK((op != NULL) && (user != NULL), return -EINVAL);
	return crm_user_lookup(user, &(op->opaque->uid), &(op->opaque->gid));
	}

	/*!
	* \brief Execute an alert agent action
	*
	* \param[in] action Action to execute
	* \param[in] cb Function to call when action completes
	*
	* \return TRUE if the library will free action, FALSE otherwise
	*
	* \note If this function returns FALSE, it is the caller's responsibility to
	* free the action with services_action_free(). However, unless someone
	* intentionally creates a recurring alert action, this will never return
	* FALSE.
	*/
	gboolean
	services_alert_async(svc_action_t action, void (cb)(svc_action_t *op))
	{
	action->synchronous = false;
	action->opaque->callback = cb;
	return services__execute_file(action) == pcmk_rc_ok;
	}

	#if SUPPORT_DBUS
	/*!
	* \internal
	* \brief Update operation's pending DBus call, unreferencing old one if needed
	*
	* \param[in,out] op Operation to modify
	* \param[in] pending Pending call to set
	*/
	void
	services_set_op_pending(svc_action_t op, DBusPendingCall pending)
	{
	if (op->opaque->pending && (op->opaque->pending != pending)) {
	if (pending) {
	crm_info("Lost pending %s DBus call (%p)", op->id, op->opaque->pending);
	} else {
	crm_trace("Done with pending %s DBus call (%p)", op->id, op->opaque->pending);
	}
	dbus_pending_call_unref(op->opaque->pending);
	}
	op->opaque->pending = pending;
	if (pending) {
	crm_trace("Updated pending %s DBus call (%p)", op->id, pending);
	} else {
	crm_trace("Cleared pending %s DBus call", op->id);
	}
	}
	#endif

	void
	services_action_cleanup(svc_action_t * op)
	{
	if ((op == NULL) \|\| (op->opaque == NULL)) {
	return;
	}

	#if SUPPORT_DBUS
	if(op->opaque->timerid != 0) {
	crm_trace("Removing timer for call %s to %s", op->action, op->rsc);
	g_source_remove(op->opaque->timerid);
	op->opaque->timerid = 0;
	}

	if(op->opaque->pending) {
	if (dbus_pending_call_get_completed(op->opaque->pending)) {
	// This should never be the case
	crm_warn("Result of %s op %s was unhandled",
	op->standard, op->id);
	} else {
	crm_debug("Will ignore any result of canceled %s op %s",
	op->standard, op->id);
	}
	dbus_pending_call_cancel(op->opaque->pending);
	services_set_op_pending(op, NULL);
	}
	#endif

	if (op->opaque->stderr_gsource) {
	mainloop_del_fd(op->opaque->stderr_gsource);
	op->opaque->stderr_gsource = NULL;
	}

	if (op->opaque->stdout_gsource) {
	mainloop_del_fd(op->opaque->stdout_gsource);
	op->opaque->stdout_gsource = NULL;
	}
	}

	/*!
	* \internal
	* \brief Map an actual resource action result to a standard OCF result
	*
	* \param[in] standard Agent standard (must not be "service")
	* \param[in] action Action that result is for
	* \param[in] exit_status Actual agent exit status
	*
	* \return Standard OCF result
	*/
	enum ocf_exitcode
	services_result2ocf(const char standard, const char action, int exit_status)
	{
	if (pcmk__str_eq(standard, PCMK_RESOURCE_CLASS_OCF, pcmk__str_casei)) {
	return services__ocf2ocf(exit_status);

	#if SUPPORT_SYSTEMD
	} else if (pcmk__str_eq(standard, PCMK_RESOURCE_CLASS_SYSTEMD,
	pcmk__str_casei)) {
	return services__systemd2ocf(exit_status);
	#endif

	#if SUPPORT_UPSTART
	} else if (pcmk__str_eq(standard, PCMK_RESOURCE_CLASS_UPSTART,
	pcmk__str_casei)) {
	return services__upstart2ocf(exit_status);
	#endif

	#if SUPPORT_NAGIOS
	} else if (pcmk__str_eq(standard, PCMK_RESOURCE_CLASS_NAGIOS,
	pcmk__str_casei)) {
	return services__nagios2ocf(exit_status);
	#endif

	} else if (pcmk__str_eq(standard, PCMK_RESOURCE_CLASS_LSB,
	pcmk__str_casei)) {
	return services__lsb2ocf(action, exit_status);

	} else {
	crm_warn("Treating result from unknown standard '%s' as OCF",
	((standard == NULL)? "unspecified" : standard));
	return services__ocf2ocf(exit_status);
	}
	}

	void
	services_action_free(svc_action_t * op)
	{
	unsigned int i;

	if (op == NULL) {
	return;
	}

	/* The operation should be removed from all tracking lists by this point.
	* If it's not, we have a bug somewhere, so bail. That may lead to a
	* memory leak, but it's better than a use-after-free segmentation fault.
	*/
	CRM_CHECK(g_list_find(inflight_ops, op) == NULL, return);
	CRM_CHECK(g_list_find(blocked_ops, op) == NULL, return);
	CRM_CHECK((recurring_actions == NULL)
	\|\| (g_hash_table_lookup(recurring_actions, op->id) == NULL),
	return);

	services_action_cleanup(op);

	if (op->opaque->repeat_timer) {
	g_source_remove(op->opaque->repeat_timer);
	op->opaque->repeat_timer = 0;
	}

	free(op->id);
	free(op->opaque->exec);

	for (i = 0; i < PCMK__NELEM(op->opaque->args); i++) {
	free(op->opaque->args[i]);
	}

	free(op->opaque->exit_reason);
	free(op->opaque);
	free(op->rsc);
	free(op->action);

	free(op->standard);
	free(op->agent);
	free(op->provider);

	free(op->stdout_data);
	free(op->stderr_data);

	if (op->params) {
	g_hash_table_destroy(op->params);
	op->params = NULL;
	}

	free(op);
	}

	gboolean
	cancel_recurring_action(svc_action_t * op)
	{
	crm_info("Cancelling %s operation %s", op->standard, op->id);

	if (recurring_actions) {
	g_hash_table_remove(recurring_actions, op->id);
	}

	if (op->opaque->repeat_timer) {
	g_source_remove(op->opaque->repeat_timer);
	op->opaque->repeat_timer = 0;
	}

	return TRUE;
	}

	/*!
	* \brief Cancel a recurring action
	*
	* \param[in] name Name of resource that operation is for
	* \param[in] action Name of operation to cancel
	* \param[in] interval_ms Interval of operation to cancel
	*
	* \return TRUE if action was successfully cancelled, FALSE otherwise
	*/
	gboolean
	services_action_cancel(const char name, const char action, guint interval_ms)
	{
	gboolean cancelled = FALSE;
	char *id = pcmk__op_key(name, action, interval_ms);
	svc_action_t *op = NULL;

	/* We can only cancel a recurring action */
	init_recurring_actions();
	op = g_hash_table_lookup(recurring_actions, id);
	if (op == NULL) {
	goto done;
	}

	// Tell services__finalize_async_op() not to reschedule the operation
	op->cancel = TRUE;

	/* Stop tracking it as a recurring operation, and stop its repeat timer */
	cancel_recurring_action(op);

	/* If the op has a PID, it's an in-flight child process, so kill it.
	*
	* Whether the kill succeeds or fails, the main loop will send the op to
	* async_action_complete() (and thus services__finalize_async_op()) when the
	* process goes away.
	*/
	if (op->pid != 0) {
	crm_info("Terminating in-flight op %s[%d] early because it was cancelled",
	id, op->pid);
	cancelled = mainloop_child_kill(op->pid);
	if (cancelled == FALSE) {
	crm_err("Termination of %s[%d] failed", id, op->pid);
	}
	goto done;
	}

	#if SUPPORT_DBUS
	// In-flight systemd and upstart ops don't have a pid
	if (inflight_systemd_or_upstart(op)) {
	inflight_ops = g_list_remove(inflight_ops, op);

	/* This will cause any result that comes in later to be discarded, so we
	* don't call the callback and free the operation twice.
	*/
	services_action_cleanup(op);
	}
	#endif

	/* The rest of this is essentially equivalent to
	* services__finalize_async_op(), minus the handle_blocked_ops() call.
	*/

	// Report operation as cancelled
	services__set_cancelled(op);
	if (op->opaque->callback) {
	op->opaque->callback(op);
	}

	blocked_ops = g_list_remove(blocked_ops, op);
	services_action_free(op);
	cancelled = TRUE;
	// @TODO Initiate handle_blocked_ops() asynchronously

	done:
	free(id);
	return cancelled;
	}

	gboolean
	services_action_kick(const char name, const char action, guint interval_ms)
	{
	svc_action_t * op = NULL;
	char *id = pcmk__op_key(name, action, interval_ms);

	init_recurring_actions();
	op = g_hash_table_lookup(recurring_actions, id);
	free(id);

	if (op == NULL) {
	return FALSE;
	}


	if (op->pid \|\| inflight_systemd_or_upstart(op)) {
	return TRUE;
	} else {
	if (op->opaque->repeat_timer) {
	g_source_remove(op->opaque->repeat_timer);
	op->opaque->repeat_timer = 0;
	}
	recurring_action_timer(op);
	return TRUE;
	}

	}

	/*!
	* \internal
	* \brief Add a new recurring operation, checking for duplicates
	*
	* \param[in] op Operation to add
	*
	* \return TRUE if duplicate found (and reschedule), FALSE otherwise
	*/
	static gboolean
	handle_duplicate_recurring(svc_action_t * op)
	{
	svc_action_t * dup = NULL;

	/* check for duplicates */
	dup = g_hash_table_lookup(recurring_actions, op->id);

	if (dup && (dup != op)) {
	/* update user data */
	if (op->opaque->callback) {
	dup->opaque->callback = op->opaque->callback;
	dup->cb_data = op->cb_data;
	op->cb_data = NULL;
	}
	/* immediately execute the next interval */
	if (dup->pid != 0) {
	if (op->opaque->repeat_timer) {
	g_source_remove(op->opaque->repeat_timer);
	op->opaque->repeat_timer = 0;
	}
	recurring_action_timer(dup);
	}
	/* free the duplicate */
	services_action_free(op);
	return TRUE;
	}

	return FALSE;
	}

	/*!
	* \internal
	* \brief Execute an action appropriately according to its standard
	*
	* \param[in] op Action to execute
	*
	* \return Standard Pacemaker return code
	* \retval EBUSY Recurring operation could not be initiated
	* \retval pcmk_rc_error Synchronous action failed
	* \retval pcmk_rc_ok Synchronous action succeeded, or asynchronous action
	* should not be freed (because it's pending or because
	* it failed to execute and was already freed)
	*
	* \note If the return value for an asynchronous action is not pcmk_rc_ok, the
	* caller is responsible for freeing the action.
	*/
	static int
	execute_action(svc_action_t *op)
	{
	#if SUPPORT_UPSTART
	if (pcmk__str_eq(op->standard, PCMK_RESOURCE_CLASS_UPSTART,
	pcmk__str_casei)) {
	return services__execute_upstart(op);
	}
	#endif

	#if SUPPORT_SYSTEMD
	if (pcmk__str_eq(op->standard, PCMK_RESOURCE_CLASS_SYSTEMD,
	pcmk__str_casei)) {
	return services__execute_systemd(op);
	}
	#endif

	return services__execute_file(op);
	}

	void
	services_add_inflight_op(svc_action_t * op)
	{
	if (op == NULL) {
	return;
	}

	CRM_ASSERT(op->synchronous == FALSE);

	/* keep track of ops that are in-flight to avoid collisions in the same namespace */
	if (op->rsc) {
	inflight_ops = g_list_append(inflight_ops, op);
	}
	}

	/*!
	* \internal
	* \brief Stop tracking an operation that completed
	*
	* \param[in] op Operation to stop tracking
	*/
	void
	services_untrack_op(svc_action_t *op)
	{
	/* Op is no longer in-flight or blocked */
	inflight_ops = g_list_remove(inflight_ops, op);
	blocked_ops = g_list_remove(blocked_ops, op);

	/* Op is no longer blocking other ops, so check if any need to run */
	handle_blocked_ops();
	}

	gboolean
	services_action_async_fork_notify(svc_action_t * op,
	void (action_callback) (svc_action_t ),
	void (action_fork_callback) (svc_action_t ))
	{
	CRM_CHECK(op != NULL, return TRUE);

	op->synchronous = false;
	if (action_callback != NULL) {
	op->opaque->callback = action_callback;
	}
	if (action_fork_callback != NULL) {
	op->opaque->fork_callback = action_fork_callback;
	}

	if (op->interval_ms > 0) {
	init_recurring_actions();
	if (handle_duplicate_recurring(op)) {
	/* entry rescheduled, dup freed */
	/* exit early */
	return TRUE;
	}
	g_hash_table_replace(recurring_actions, op->id, op);
	}

	if (!pcmk_is_set(op->flags, SVC_ACTION_NON_BLOCKED)
	&& op->rsc && is_op_blocked(op->rsc)) {
	blocked_ops = g_list_append(blocked_ops, op);
	return TRUE;
	}

	return execute_action(op) == pcmk_rc_ok;
	}

	gboolean
	services_action_async(svc_action_t * op,
	void (action_callback) (svc_action_t ))
	{
	return services_action_async_fork_notify(op, action_callback, NULL);
	}

	static gboolean processing_blocked_ops = FALSE;

	gboolean
	is_op_blocked(const char *rsc)
	{
	GList *gIter = NULL;
	svc_action_t *op = NULL;

	for (gIter = inflight_ops; gIter != NULL; gIter = gIter->next) {
	op = gIter->data;
	if (pcmk__str_eq(op->rsc, rsc, pcmk__str_casei)) {
	return TRUE;
	}
	}

	return FALSE;
	}

	static void
	handle_blocked_ops(void)
	{
	GList *executed_ops = NULL;
	GList *gIter = NULL;
	svc_action_t *op = NULL;

	if (processing_blocked_ops) {
	/* avoid nested calling of this function */
	return;
	}

	processing_blocked_ops = TRUE;

	/* n^2 operation here, but blocked ops are incredibly rare. this list
	* will be empty 99% of the time. */
	for (gIter = blocked_ops; gIter != NULL; gIter = gIter->next) {
	op = gIter->data;
	if (is_op_blocked(op->rsc)) {
	continue;
	}
	executed_ops = g_list_append(executed_ops, op);
	if (execute_action(op) != pcmk_rc_ok) {
	/* this can cause this function to be called recursively
	* which is why we have processing_blocked_ops static variable */
	services__finalize_async_op(op);
	}
	}

	for (gIter = executed_ops; gIter != NULL; gIter = gIter->next) {
	op = gIter->data;
	blocked_ops = g_list_remove(blocked_ops, op);
	}
	g_list_free(executed_ops);

	processing_blocked_ops = FALSE;
	}

	/*!
	* \internal
	* \brief Execute a meta-data action appropriately to standard
	*
	* \param[in] op Meta-data action to execute
	*
	* \return Standard Pacemaker return code
	*/
	static int
	execute_metadata_action(svc_action_t *op)
	{
	const char *class = op->standard;

	if (op->agent == NULL) {
	crm_info("Meta-data requested without specifying agent");
	services__set_result(op, services__generic_error(op),
	PCMK_EXEC_ERROR_FATAL, "Agent not specified");
	return EINVAL;
	}

	if (class == NULL) {
	crm_info("Meta-data requested for agent %s without specifying class",
	op->agent);
	services__set_result(op, services__generic_error(op),
	PCMK_EXEC_ERROR_FATAL,
	"Agent standard not specified");
	return EINVAL;
	}

	if (!strcmp(class, PCMK_RESOURCE_CLASS_SERVICE)) {
	class = resources_find_service_class(op->agent);
	}
	if (class == NULL) {
	crm_info("Meta-data requested for %s, but could not determine class",
	op->agent);
	services__set_result(op, services__generic_error(op),
	PCMK_EXEC_ERROR_HARD,
	"Agent standard could not be determined");
	return EINVAL;
	}

	if (pcmk__str_eq(class, PCMK_RESOURCE_CLASS_LSB, pcmk__str_casei)) {
	return pcmk_legacy2rc(services__get_lsb_metadata(op->agent,
	&op->stdout_data));
	}

	#if SUPPORT_NAGIOS
	if (pcmk__str_eq(class, PCMK_RESOURCE_CLASS_NAGIOS, pcmk__str_casei)) {
	return pcmk_legacy2rc(services__get_nagios_metadata(op->agent,
	&op->stdout_data));
	}
	#endif

	return execute_action(op);
	}

	gboolean
	services_action_sync(svc_action_t * op)
	{
	gboolean rc = TRUE;

	if (op == NULL) {
	crm_trace("No operation to execute");
	return FALSE;
	}

	op->synchronous = true;

	if (pcmk__str_eq(op->action, "meta-data", pcmk__str_casei)) {
	/* Synchronous meta-data operations are handled specially. Since most
	* resource classes don't provide any meta-data, it has to be
	* synthesized from available information about the agent.
	*
	* services_action_async() doesn't treat meta-data actions specially, so
	* it will result in an error for classes that don't support the action.
	*/
	rc = (execute_metadata_action(op) == pcmk_rc_ok);
	} else {
	rc = (execute_action(op) == pcmk_rc_ok);
	}
	crm_trace(" > " PCMK__OP_FMT ": %s = %d",
	op->rsc, op->action, op->interval_ms, op->opaque->exec, op->rc);
	if (op->stdout_data) {
	crm_trace(" > stdout: %s", op->stdout_data);
	}
	if (op->stderr_data) {
	crm_trace(" > stderr: %s", op->stderr_data);
	}
	return rc;
	}

	GList *
	get_directory_list(const char *root, gboolean files, gboolean executable)
	{
	return services_os_get_directory_list(root, files, executable);
	}

	GList *
	resources_list_standards(void)
	{
	GList *standards = NULL;

	standards = g_list_append(standards, strdup(PCMK_RESOURCE_CLASS_OCF));
	standards = g_list_append(standards, strdup(PCMK_RESOURCE_CLASS_LSB));
	standards = g_list_append(standards, strdup(PCMK_RESOURCE_CLASS_SERVICE));

	#if SUPPORT_SYSTEMD
	{
	GList *agents = systemd_unit_listall();

	if (agents != NULL) {
	standards = g_list_append(standards,
	strdup(PCMK_RESOURCE_CLASS_SYSTEMD));
	g_list_free_full(agents, free);
	}
	}
	#endif

	#if SUPPORT_UPSTART
	{
	GList *agents = upstart_job_listall();

	if (agents != NULL) {
	standards = g_list_append(standards,
	strdup(PCMK_RESOURCE_CLASS_UPSTART));
	g_list_free_full(agents, free);
	}
	}
	#endif

	#if SUPPORT_NAGIOS
	{
	GList *agents = services__list_nagios_agents();

	if (agents != NULL) {
	standards = g_list_append(standards,
	strdup(PCMK_RESOURCE_CLASS_NAGIOS));
	g_list_free_full(agents, free);
	}
	}
	#endif

	return standards;
	}

	GList *
	resources_list_providers(const char *standard)
	{
	if (pcmk_is_set(pcmk_get_ra_caps(standard), pcmk_ra_cap_provider)) {
	return resources_os_list_ocf_providers();
	}

	return NULL;
	}

	GList *
	resources_list_agents(const char standard, const char provider)
	{
	if ((standard == NULL)
	\|\| (strcasecmp(standard, PCMK_RESOURCE_CLASS_SERVICE) == 0)) {

	GList *tmp1;
	GList *tmp2;
	GList *result = services__list_lsb_agents();

	if (standard == NULL) {
	tmp1 = result;
	tmp2 = resources_os_list_ocf_agents(NULL);
	if (tmp2) {
	result = g_list_concat(tmp1, tmp2);
	}
	}
	#if SUPPORT_SYSTEMD
	tmp1 = result;
	tmp2 = systemd_unit_listall();
	if (tmp2) {
	result = g_list_concat(tmp1, tmp2);
	}
	#endif

	#if SUPPORT_UPSTART
	tmp1 = result;
	tmp2 = upstart_job_listall();
	if (tmp2) {
	result = g_list_concat(tmp1, tmp2);
	}
	#endif

	return result;

	} else if (strcasecmp(standard, PCMK_RESOURCE_CLASS_OCF) == 0) {
	return resources_os_list_ocf_agents(provider);
	} else if (strcasecmp(standard, PCMK_RESOURCE_CLASS_LSB) == 0) {
	return services__list_lsb_agents();
	#if SUPPORT_SYSTEMD
	} else if (strcasecmp(standard, PCMK_RESOURCE_CLASS_SYSTEMD) == 0) {
	return systemd_unit_listall();
	#endif
	#if SUPPORT_UPSTART
	} else if (strcasecmp(standard, PCMK_RESOURCE_CLASS_UPSTART) == 0) {
	return upstart_job_listall();
	#endif
	#if SUPPORT_NAGIOS
	} else if (strcasecmp(standard, PCMK_RESOURCE_CLASS_NAGIOS) == 0) {
	return services__list_nagios_agents();
	#endif
	}

	return NULL;
	}

	gboolean
	resources_agent_exists(const char standard, const char provider, const char *agent)
	{
	GList *standards = NULL;
	GList *providers = NULL;
	GList *iter = NULL;
	gboolean rc = FALSE;
	gboolean has_providers = FALSE;

	standards = resources_list_standards();
	for (iter = standards; iter != NULL; iter = iter->next) {
	if (pcmk__str_eq(iter->data, standard, pcmk__str_none)) {
	rc = TRUE;
	break;
	}
	}

	if (rc == FALSE) {
	goto done;
	}

	rc = FALSE;

	has_providers = pcmk_is_set(pcmk_get_ra_caps(standard), pcmk_ra_cap_provider);
	if (has_providers == TRUE && provider != NULL) {
	providers = resources_list_providers(standard);
	for (iter = providers; iter != NULL; iter = iter->next) {
	if (pcmk__str_eq(iter->data, provider, pcmk__str_none)) {
	rc = TRUE;
	break;
	}
	}
	} else if (has_providers == FALSE && provider == NULL) {
	rc = TRUE;
	}

	if (rc == FALSE) {
	goto done;
	}

	if (pcmk__str_eq(standard, PCMK_RESOURCE_CLASS_SERVICE, pcmk__str_casei)) {
	if (services__lsb_agent_exists(agent)) {
	rc = TRUE;
	#if SUPPORT_SYSTEMD
	} else if (systemd_unit_exists(agent)) {
	rc = TRUE;
	#endif

	#if SUPPORT_UPSTART
	} else if (upstart_job_exists(agent)) {
	rc = TRUE;
	#endif
	} else {
	rc = FALSE;
	}

	} else if (pcmk__str_eq(standard, PCMK_RESOURCE_CLASS_OCF, pcmk__str_casei)) {
	rc = services__ocf_agent_exists(provider, agent);

	} else if (pcmk__str_eq(standard, PCMK_RESOURCE_CLASS_LSB, pcmk__str_casei)) {
	rc = services__lsb_agent_exists(agent);

	#if SUPPORT_SYSTEMD
	} else if (pcmk__str_eq(standard, PCMK_RESOURCE_CLASS_SYSTEMD, pcmk__str_casei)) {
	rc = systemd_unit_exists(agent);
	#endif

	#if SUPPORT_UPSTART
	} else if (pcmk__str_eq(standard, PCMK_RESOURCE_CLASS_UPSTART, pcmk__str_casei)) {
	rc = upstart_job_exists(agent);
	#endif

	#if SUPPORT_NAGIOS
	} else if (pcmk__str_eq(standard, PCMK_RESOURCE_CLASS_NAGIOS, pcmk__str_casei)) {
	rc = services__nagios_agent_exists(agent);
	#endif

	} else {
	rc = FALSE;
	}

	done:
	g_list_free(standards);
	g_list_free(providers);
	return rc;
	}

	/*!
	* \internal
	* \brief Set the result of an action
	*
	* \param[out] action Where to set action result
	* \param[in] agent_status Exit status to set
	* \param[in] exec_status Execution status to set
	* \param[in] reason Human-friendly description of event to set
	*/
	void
	services__set_result(svc_action_t *action, int agent_status,
	enum pcmk_exec_status exec_status, const char *reason)
	{
	if (action == NULL) {
	return;
	}

	action->rc = agent_status;
	action->status = exec_status;

	if (!pcmk__str_eq(action->opaque->exit_reason, reason,
	pcmk__str_none)) {
	free(action->opaque->exit_reason);
	action->opaque->exit_reason = (reason == NULL)? NULL : strdup(reason);
	}
	}

	+/*!
	+ * \internal
	+ * \brief Set the result of an action, with a formatted exit reason
	+ *
	+ * \param[out] action Where to set action result
	+ * \param[in] agent_status Exit status to set
	+ * \param[in] exec_status Execution status to set
	+ * \param[in] format printf-style format for a human-friendly
	+ * description of reason for result
	+ * \param[in] ... arguments for \p format
	+ */
	+void
	+services__format_result(svc_action_t *action, int agent_status,
	+ enum pcmk_exec_status exec_status,
	+ const char *format, ...)
	+{
	+ va_list ap;
	+ int len = 0;
	+ char *reason = NULL;
	+
	+ if (action == NULL) {
	+ return;
	+ }
	+
	+ action->rc = agent_status;
	+ action->status = exec_status;
	+
	+ if (format != NULL) {
	+ va_start(ap, format);
	+ len = vasprintf(&reason, format, ap);
	+ CRM_ASSERT(len > 0);
	+ va_end(ap);
	+ }
	+ free(action->opaque->exit_reason);
	+ action->opaque->exit_reason = reason;
	+}
	+
	/*!
	* \internal
	* \brief Set the result of an action to cancelled
	*
	* \param[out] action Where to set action result
	*
	* \note This sets execution status but leaves the exit status unchanged
	*/
	void
	services__set_cancelled(svc_action_t *action)
	{
	if (action != NULL) {
	action->status = PCMK_EXEC_CANCELLED;
	free(action->opaque->exit_reason);
	action->opaque->exit_reason = NULL;
	}
	}

	/*!
	* \internal
	* \brief Get the exit reason of an action
	*
	* \param[in] action Action to check
	*
	* \return Action's exit reason (or NULL if none)
	*/
	const char *
	services__exit_reason(svc_action_t *action)
	{
	return action->opaque->exit_reason;
	}

	/*!
	* \internal
	* \brief Steal stdout from an action
	*
	* \param[in] action Action whose stdout is desired
	*
	* \return Action's stdout (which may be NULL)
	* \note Upon return, \p action will no longer track the output, so it is the
	* caller's responsibility to free the return value.
	*/
	char *
	services__grab_stdout(svc_action_t *action)
	{
	char *output = action->stdout_data;

	action->stdout_data = NULL;
	return output;
	}

	/*!
	* \internal
	* \brief Steal stderr from an action
	*
	* \param[in] action Action whose stderr is desired
	*
	* \return Action's stderr (which may be NULL)
	* \note Upon return, \p action will no longer track the output, so it is the
	* caller's responsibility to free the return value.
	*/
	char *
	services__grab_stderr(svc_action_t *action)
	{
	char *output = action->stderr_data;

	action->stderr_data = NULL;
	return output;
	}
	diff --git a/lib/services/services_linux.c b/lib/services/services_linux.c
	index fe55fcbd5f..f280065c01 100644
	--- a/lib/services/services_linux.c
	+++ b/lib/services/services_linux.c
	@@ -1,1433 +1,1434 @@
	/*
	* Copyright 2010-2022 the Pacemaker project contributors
	*
	* The version control history for this file may have further details.
	*
	* This source code is licensed under the GNU Lesser General Public License
	* version 2.1 or later (LGPLv2.1+) WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY.
	*/

	#include <crm_internal.h>

	#ifndef _GNU_SOURCE
	# define _GNU_SOURCE
	#endif

	#include <sys/types.h>
	#include <sys/stat.h>
	#include <sys/wait.h>
	#include <errno.h>
	#include <unistd.h>
	#include <dirent.h>
	#include <grp.h>
	#include <string.h>
	#include <sys/time.h>
	#include <sys/resource.h>

	#include "crm/crm.h"
	#include "crm/common/mainloop.h"
	#include "crm/services.h"
	#include "crm/services_internal.h"

	#include "services_private.h"

	static void close_pipe(int fildes[]);

	/* We have two alternative ways of handling SIGCHLD when synchronously waiting
	* for spawned processes to complete. Both rely on polling a file descriptor to
	* discover SIGCHLD events.
	*
	* If sys/signalfd.h is available (e.g. on Linux), we call signalfd() to
	* generate the file descriptor. Otherwise, we use the "self-pipe trick"
	* (opening a pipe and writing a byte to it when SIGCHLD is received).
	*/
	#ifdef HAVE_SYS_SIGNALFD_H

	// signalfd() implementation

	#include <sys/signalfd.h>

	// Everything needed to manage SIGCHLD handling
	struct sigchld_data_s {
	sigset_t mask; // Signals to block now (including SIGCHLD)
	sigset_t old_mask; // Previous set of blocked signals
	};

	// Initialize SIGCHLD data and prepare for use
	static bool
	sigchld_setup(struct sigchld_data_s *data)
	{
	sigemptyset(&(data->mask));
	sigaddset(&(data->mask), SIGCHLD);

	sigemptyset(&(data->old_mask));

	// Block SIGCHLD (saving previous set of blocked signals to restore later)
	if (sigprocmask(SIG_BLOCK, &(data->mask), &(data->old_mask)) < 0) {
	crm_info("Wait for child process completion failed: %s "
	CRM_XS " source=sigprocmask", pcmk_rc_str(errno));
	return false;
	}
	return true;
	}

	// Get a file descriptor suitable for polling for SIGCHLD events
	static int
	sigchld_open(struct sigchld_data_s *data)
	{
	int fd;

	CRM_CHECK(data != NULL, return -1);

	fd = signalfd(-1, &(data->mask), SFD_NONBLOCK);
	if (fd < 0) {
	crm_info("Wait for child process completion failed: %s "
	CRM_XS " source=signalfd", pcmk_rc_str(errno));
	}
	return fd;
	}

	// Close a file descriptor returned by sigchld_open()
	static void
	sigchld_close(int fd)
	{
	if (fd > 0) {
	close(fd);
	}
	}

	// Return true if SIGCHLD was received from polled fd
	static bool
	sigchld_received(int fd)
	{
	struct signalfd_siginfo fdsi;
	ssize_t s;

	if (fd < 0) {
	return false;
	}
	s = read(fd, &fdsi, sizeof(struct signalfd_siginfo));
	if (s != sizeof(struct signalfd_siginfo)) {
	crm_info("Wait for child process completion failed: %s "
	CRM_XS " source=read", pcmk_rc_str(errno));

	} else if (fdsi.ssi_signo == SIGCHLD) {
	return true;
	}
	return false;
	}

	// Do anything needed after done waiting for SIGCHLD
	static void
	sigchld_cleanup(struct sigchld_data_s *data)
	{
	// Restore the original set of blocked signals
	if ((sigismember(&(data->old_mask), SIGCHLD) == 0)
	&& (sigprocmask(SIG_UNBLOCK, &(data->mask), NULL) < 0)) {
	crm_warn("Could not clean up after child process completion: %s",
	pcmk_rc_str(errno));
	}
	}

	#else // HAVE_SYS_SIGNALFD_H not defined

	// Self-pipe implementation (see above for function descriptions)

	struct sigchld_data_s {
	int pipe_fd[2]; // Pipe file descriptors
	struct sigaction sa; // Signal handling info (with SIGCHLD)
	struct sigaction old_sa; // Previous signal handling info
	};

	// We need a global to use in the signal handler
	volatile struct sigchld_data_s *last_sigchld_data = NULL;

	static void
	sigchld_handler()
	{
	// We received a SIGCHLD, so trigger pipe polling
	if ((last_sigchld_data != NULL)
	&& (last_sigchld_data->pipe_fd[1] >= 0)
	&& (write(last_sigchld_data->pipe_fd[1], "", 1) == -1)) {
	crm_info("Wait for child process completion failed: %s "
	CRM_XS " source=write", pcmk_rc_str(errno));
	}
	}

	static bool
	sigchld_setup(struct sigchld_data_s *data)
	{
	int rc;

	data->pipe_fd[0] = data->pipe_fd[1] = -1;

	if (pipe(data->pipe_fd) == -1) {
	crm_info("Wait for child process completion failed: %s "
	CRM_XS " source=pipe", pcmk_rc_str(errno));
	return false;
	}

	rc = pcmk__set_nonblocking(data->pipe_fd[0]);
	if (rc != pcmk_rc_ok) {
	crm_info("Could not set pipe input non-blocking: %s " CRM_XS " rc=%d",
	pcmk_rc_str(rc), rc);
	}
	rc = pcmk__set_nonblocking(data->pipe_fd[1]);
	if (rc != pcmk_rc_ok) {
	crm_info("Could not set pipe output non-blocking: %s " CRM_XS " rc=%d",
	pcmk_rc_str(rc), rc);
	}

	// Set SIGCHLD handler
	data->sa.sa_handler = sigchld_handler;
	data->sa.sa_flags = 0;
	sigemptyset(&(data->sa.sa_mask));
	if (sigaction(SIGCHLD, &(data->sa), &(data->old_sa)) < 0) {
	crm_info("Wait for child process completion failed: %s "
	CRM_XS " source=sigaction", pcmk_rc_str(errno));
	}

	// Remember data for use in signal handler
	last_sigchld_data = data;
	return true;
	}

	static int
	sigchld_open(struct sigchld_data_s *data)
	{
	CRM_CHECK(data != NULL, return -1);
	return data->pipe_fd[0];
	}

	static void
	sigchld_close(int fd)
	{
	// Pipe will be closed in sigchld_cleanup()
	return;
	}

	static bool
	sigchld_received(int fd)
	{
	char ch;

	if (fd < 0) {
	return false;
	}

	// Clear out the self-pipe
	while (read(fd, &ch, 1) == 1) /omit/;
	return true;
	}

	static void
	sigchld_cleanup(struct sigchld_data_s *data)
	{
	// Restore the previous SIGCHLD handler
	if (sigaction(SIGCHLD, &(data->old_sa), NULL) < 0) {
	crm_warn("Could not clean up after child process completion: %s",
	pcmk_rc_str(errno));
	}

	close_pipe(data->pipe_fd);
	}

	#endif

	/*!
	* \internal
	* \brief Close the two file descriptors of a pipe
	*
	* \param[in] fildes Array of file descriptors opened by pipe()
	*/
	static void
	close_pipe(int fildes[])
	{
	if (fildes[0] >= 0) {
	close(fildes[0]);
	fildes[0] = -1;
	}
	if (fildes[1] >= 0) {
	close(fildes[1]);
	fildes[1] = -1;
	}
	}

	static gboolean
	svc_read_output(int fd, svc_action_t * op, bool is_stderr)
	{
	char *data = NULL;
	int rc = 0, len = 0;
	char buf[500];
	static const size_t buf_read_len = sizeof(buf) - 1;


	if (fd < 0) {
	crm_trace("No fd for %s", op->id);
	return FALSE;
	}

	if (is_stderr && op->stderr_data) {
	len = strlen(op->stderr_data);
	data = op->stderr_data;
	crm_trace("Reading %s stderr into offset %d", op->id, len);

	} else if (is_stderr == FALSE && op->stdout_data) {
	len = strlen(op->stdout_data);
	data = op->stdout_data;
	crm_trace("Reading %s stdout into offset %d", op->id, len);

	} else {
	crm_trace("Reading %s %s into offset %d", op->id, is_stderr?"stderr":"stdout", len);
	}

	do {
	rc = read(fd, buf, buf_read_len);
	if (rc > 0) {
	buf[rc] = 0;
	crm_trace("Got %d chars: %.80s", rc, buf);
	data = pcmk__realloc(data, len + rc + 1);
	len += sprintf(data + len, "%s", buf);

	} else if (errno != EINTR) {
	/* error or EOF
	* Cleanup happens in pipe_done()
	*/
	rc = FALSE;
	break;
	}

	} while (rc == buf_read_len \|\| rc < 0);

	if (is_stderr) {
	op->stderr_data = data;
	} else {
	op->stdout_data = data;
	}

	return rc;
	}

	static int
	dispatch_stdout(gpointer userdata)
	{
	svc_action_t op = (svc_action_t ) userdata;

	return svc_read_output(op->opaque->stdout_fd, op, FALSE);
	}

	static int
	dispatch_stderr(gpointer userdata)
	{
	svc_action_t op = (svc_action_t ) userdata;

	return svc_read_output(op->opaque->stderr_fd, op, TRUE);
	}

	static void
	pipe_out_done(gpointer user_data)
	{
	svc_action_t op = (svc_action_t ) user_data;

	crm_trace("%p", op);

	op->opaque->stdout_gsource = NULL;
	if (op->opaque->stdout_fd > STDOUT_FILENO) {
	close(op->opaque->stdout_fd);
	}
	op->opaque->stdout_fd = -1;
	}

	static void
	pipe_err_done(gpointer user_data)
	{
	svc_action_t op = (svc_action_t ) user_data;

	op->opaque->stderr_gsource = NULL;
	if (op->opaque->stderr_fd > STDERR_FILENO) {
	close(op->opaque->stderr_fd);
	}
	op->opaque->stderr_fd = -1;
	}

	static struct mainloop_fd_callbacks stdout_callbacks = {
	.dispatch = dispatch_stdout,
	.destroy = pipe_out_done,
	};

	static struct mainloop_fd_callbacks stderr_callbacks = {
	.dispatch = dispatch_stderr,
	.destroy = pipe_err_done,
	};

	static void
	set_ocf_env(const char key, const char value, gpointer user_data)
	{
	if (setenv(key, value, 1) != 0) {
	crm_perror(LOG_ERR, "setenv failed for key:%s and value:%s", key, value);
	}
	}

	static void
	set_ocf_env_with_prefix(gpointer key, gpointer value, gpointer user_data)
	{
	char buffer[500];

	snprintf(buffer, sizeof(buffer), strcmp(key, "OCF_CHECK_LEVEL") != 0 ? "OCF_RESKEY_%s" : "%s", (char *)key);
	set_ocf_env(buffer, value, user_data);
	}

	static void
	set_alert_env(gpointer key, gpointer value, gpointer user_data)
	{
	int rc;

	if (value != NULL) {
	rc = setenv(key, value, 1);
	} else {
	rc = unsetenv(key);
	}

	if (rc < 0) {
	crm_perror(LOG_ERR, "setenv %s=%s",
	(char)key, (value? (char)value : ""));
	} else {
	crm_trace("setenv %s=%s", (char)key, (value? (char)value : ""));
	}
	}

	/*!
	* \internal
	* \brief Add environment variables suitable for an action
	*
	* \param[in] op Action to use
	*/
	static void
	add_action_env_vars(const svc_action_t *op)
	{
	void (*env_setter)(gpointer, gpointer, gpointer) = NULL;
	if (op->agent == NULL) {
	env_setter = set_alert_env; /* we deal with alert handler */

	} else if (pcmk__str_eq(op->standard, PCMK_RESOURCE_CLASS_OCF, pcmk__str_casei)) {
	env_setter = set_ocf_env_with_prefix;
	}

	if (env_setter != NULL && op->params != NULL) {
	g_hash_table_foreach(op->params, env_setter, NULL);
	}

	if (env_setter == NULL \|\| env_setter == set_alert_env) {
	return;
	}

	set_ocf_env("OCF_RA_VERSION_MAJOR", PCMK_OCF_MAJOR_VERSION, NULL);
	set_ocf_env("OCF_RA_VERSION_MINOR", PCMK_OCF_MINOR_VERSION, NULL);
	set_ocf_env("OCF_ROOT", OCF_ROOT_DIR, NULL);
	set_ocf_env("OCF_EXIT_REASON_PREFIX", PCMK_OCF_REASON_PREFIX, NULL);

	if (op->rsc) {
	set_ocf_env("OCF_RESOURCE_INSTANCE", op->rsc, NULL);
	}

	if (op->agent != NULL) {
	set_ocf_env("OCF_RESOURCE_TYPE", op->agent, NULL);
	}

	/* Notes: this is not added to specification yet. Sept 10,2004 */
	if (op->provider != NULL) {
	set_ocf_env("OCF_RESOURCE_PROVIDER", op->provider, NULL);
	}
	}

	static void
	pipe_in_single_parameter(gpointer key, gpointer value, gpointer user_data)
	{
	svc_action_t *op = user_data;
	char buffer = crm_strdup_printf("%s=%s\n", (char )key, (char *) value);
	int ret, total = 0, len = strlen(buffer);

	do {
	errno = 0;
	ret = write(op->opaque->stdin_fd, buffer + total, len - total);
	if (ret > 0) {
	total += ret;
	}

	} while ((errno == EINTR) && (total < len));
	free(buffer);
	}

	/*!
	* \internal
	* \brief Pipe parameters in via stdin for action
	*
	* \param[in] op Action to use
	*/
	static void
	pipe_in_action_stdin_parameters(const svc_action_t *op)
	{
	crm_debug("sending args");
	if (op->params) {
	g_hash_table_foreach(op->params, pipe_in_single_parameter, (gpointer) op);
	}
	}

	gboolean
	recurring_action_timer(gpointer data)
	{
	svc_action_t *op = data;

	crm_debug("Scheduling another invocation of %s", op->id);

	/* Clean out the old result */
	free(op->stdout_data);
	op->stdout_data = NULL;
	free(op->stderr_data);
	op->stderr_data = NULL;
	op->opaque->repeat_timer = 0;

	services_action_async(op, NULL);
	return FALSE;
	}

	/*!
	* \internal
	* \brief Finalize handling of an asynchronous operation
	*
	* Given a completed asynchronous operation, cancel or reschedule it as
	* appropriate if recurring, call its callback if registered, stop tracking it,
	* and clean it up.
	*
	* \param[in,out] op Operation to finalize
	*
	* \return Standard Pacemaker return code
	* \retval EINVAL Caller supplied NULL or invalid \p op
	* \retval EBUSY Uncanceled recurring action has only been cleaned up
	* \retval pcmk_rc_ok Action has been freed
	*
	* \note If the return value is not pcmk_rc_ok, the caller is responsible for
	* freeing the action.
	*/
	int
	services__finalize_async_op(svc_action_t *op)
	{
	CRM_CHECK((op != NULL) && !(op->synchronous), return EINVAL);

	if (op->interval_ms != 0) {
	// Recurring operations must be either cancelled or rescheduled
	if (op->cancel) {
	services__set_cancelled(op);
	cancel_recurring_action(op);
	} else {
	op->opaque->repeat_timer = g_timeout_add(op->interval_ms,
	recurring_action_timer,
	(void *) op);
	}
	}

	if (op->opaque->callback != NULL) {
	op->opaque->callback(op);
	}

	// Stop tracking the operation (as in-flight or blocked)
	op->pid = 0;
	services_untrack_op(op);

	if ((op->interval_ms != 0) && !(op->cancel)) {
	// Do not free recurring actions (they will get freed when cancelled)
	services_action_cleanup(op);
	return EBUSY;
	}

	services_action_free(op);
	return pcmk_rc_ok;
	}

	static void
	close_op_input(svc_action_t *op)
	{
	if (op->opaque->stdin_fd >= 0) {
	close(op->opaque->stdin_fd);
	}
	}

	static void
	finish_op_output(svc_action_t *op, bool is_stderr)
	{
	mainloop_io_t **source;
	int fd;

	if (is_stderr) {
	source = &(op->opaque->stderr_gsource);
	fd = op->opaque->stderr_fd;
	} else {
	source = &(op->opaque->stdout_gsource);
	fd = op->opaque->stdout_fd;
	}

	if (op->synchronous \|\| *source) {
	crm_trace("Finish reading %s[%d] %s",
	op->id, op->pid, (is_stderr? "stdout" : "stderr"));
	svc_read_output(fd, op, is_stderr);
	if (op->synchronous) {
	close(fd);
	} else {
	mainloop_del_fd(*source);
	*source = NULL;
	}
	}
	}

	// Log an operation's stdout and stderr
	static void
	log_op_output(svc_action_t *op)
	{
	char *prefix = crm_strdup_printf("%s[%d] error output", op->id, op->pid);

	/* The library caller has better context to know how important the output
	* is, so log it at info and debug severity here. They can log it again at
	* higher severity if appropriate.
	*/
	crm_log_output(LOG_INFO, prefix, op->stderr_data);
	strcpy(prefix + strlen(prefix) - strlen("error output"), "output");
	crm_log_output(LOG_DEBUG, prefix, op->stdout_data);
	free(prefix);
	}

	// Truncate exit reasons at this many characters
	#define EXIT_REASON_MAX_LEN 128

	static void
	parse_exit_reason_from_stderr(svc_action_t *op)
	{
	const char *reason_start = NULL;
	const char *reason_end = NULL;
	const int prefix_len = strlen(PCMK_OCF_REASON_PREFIX);

	if ((op->stderr_data == NULL) \|\|
	// Only OCF agents have exit reasons in stderr
	!pcmk__str_eq(op->standard, PCMK_RESOURCE_CLASS_OCF, pcmk__str_none)) {
	return;
	}

	// Find the last occurrence of the magic string indicating an exit reason
	for (const char *cur = strstr(op->stderr_data, PCMK_OCF_REASON_PREFIX);
	cur != NULL; cur = strstr(cur, PCMK_OCF_REASON_PREFIX)) {

	cur += prefix_len; // Skip over magic string
	reason_start = cur;
	}

	if ((reason_start == NULL) \|\| (reason_start[0] == '\n')
	\|\| (reason_start[0] == '\0')) {
	return; // No or empty exit reason
	}

	// Exit reason goes to end of line (or end of output)
	reason_end = strchr(reason_start, '\n');
	if (reason_end == NULL) {
	reason_end = reason_start + strlen(reason_start);
	}

	// Limit size of exit reason to something reasonable
	if (reason_end > (reason_start + EXIT_REASON_MAX_LEN)) {
	reason_end = reason_start + EXIT_REASON_MAX_LEN;
	}

	free(op->opaque->exit_reason);
	op->opaque->exit_reason = strndup(reason_start, reason_end - reason_start);
	}

	/*!
	* \internal
	* \brief Process the completion of an asynchronous child process
	*
	* \param[in] p Child process that completed
	* \param[in] pid Process ID of child
	* \param[in] core (unused)
	* \param[in] signo Signal that interrupted child, if any
	* \param[in] exitcode Exit status of child process
	*/
	static void
	async_action_complete(mainloop_child_t *p, pid_t pid, int core, int signo,
	int exitcode)
	{
	svc_action_t *op = mainloop_child_userdata(p);

	mainloop_clear_child_userdata(p);
	CRM_CHECK(op->pid == pid,
	services__set_result(op, services__generic_error(op),
	PCMK_EXEC_ERROR, "Bug in mainloop handling");
	return);

	/* Depending on the priority the mainloop gives the stdout and stderr
	* file descriptors, this function could be called before everything has
	* been read from them, so force a final read now.
	*/
	finish_op_output(op, true);
	finish_op_output(op, false);

	close_op_input(op);

	if (signo == 0) {
	crm_debug("%s[%d] exited with status %d", op->id, op->pid, exitcode);
	services__set_result(op, exitcode, PCMK_EXEC_DONE, NULL);
	log_op_output(op);
	parse_exit_reason_from_stderr(op);

	} else if (mainloop_child_timeout(p)) {
	- const char *reason = NULL;
	+ const char *what = NULL;

	if (pcmk__str_eq(op->standard, PCMK_RESOURCE_CLASS_STONITH,
	pcmk__str_none)) {
	- reason = "Fence agent did not complete in time";
	+ what = "Fence agent";
	} else if (pcmk__str_eq(op->standard, PCMK_RESOURCE_CLASS_ALERT,
	pcmk__str_none)) {
	- reason = "Alert agent did not complete in time";
	+ what = "Alert agent";
	} else if (op->standard != NULL) {
	- reason = "Resource agent did not complete in time";
	+ what = "Resource agent";
	} else {
	- reason = "Process did not complete in time";
	+ what = "Process";
	}
	crm_info("%s[%d] timed out after %dms", op->id, op->pid, op->timeout);
	- services__set_result(op, services__generic_error(op), PCMK_EXEC_TIMEOUT,
	- reason);
	+ services__format_result(op, services__generic_error(op),
	+ PCMK_EXEC_TIMEOUT,
	+ "%s did not complete in time", what);

	} else if (op->cancel) {
	/* If an in-flight recurring operation was killed because it was
	* cancelled, don't treat that as a failure.
	*/
	crm_info("%s[%d] terminated with signal %d (%s)",
	op->id, op->pid, signo, strsignal(signo));
	services__set_result(op, PCMK_OCF_OK, PCMK_EXEC_CANCELLED, NULL);

	} else {
	crm_info("%s[%d] terminated with signal %d (%s)",
	op->id, op->pid, signo, strsignal(signo));
	services__set_result(op, PCMK_OCF_UNKNOWN_ERROR, PCMK_EXEC_ERROR,
	"Process interrupted by signal");
	}

	services__finalize_async_op(op);
	}

	/*!
	* \internal
	* \brief Return agent standard's exit status for "generic error"
	*
	* When returning an internal error for an action, a value that is appropriate
	* to the action's agent standard must be used. This function returns a value
	* appropriate for errors in general.
	*
	* \param[in] op Action that error is for
	*
	* \return Exit status appropriate to agent standard
	* \note Actions without a standard will get PCMK_OCF_UNKNOWN_ERROR.
	*/
	int
	services__generic_error(svc_action_t *op)
	{
	if ((op == NULL) \|\| (op->standard == NULL)) {
	return PCMK_OCF_UNKNOWN_ERROR;
	}

	if (pcmk__str_eq(op->standard, PCMK_RESOURCE_CLASS_LSB, pcmk__str_casei)
	&& pcmk__str_eq(op->action, "status", pcmk__str_casei)) {

	return PCMK_LSB_STATUS_UNKNOWN;
	}

	#if SUPPORT_NAGIOS
	if (pcmk__str_eq(op->standard, PCMK_RESOURCE_CLASS_NAGIOS, pcmk__str_casei)) {
	return NAGIOS_STATE_UNKNOWN;
	}
	#endif

	return PCMK_OCF_UNKNOWN_ERROR;
	}

	/*!
	* \internal
	* \brief Return agent standard's exit status for "not installed"
	*
	* When returning an internal error for an action, a value that is appropriate
	* to the action's agent standard must be used. This function returns a value
	* appropriate for "not installed" errors.
	*
	* \param[in] op Action that error is for
	*
	* \return Exit status appropriate to agent standard
	* \note Actions without a standard will get PCMK_OCF_UNKNOWN_ERROR.
	*/
	int
	services__not_installed_error(svc_action_t *op)
	{
	if ((op == NULL) \|\| (op->standard == NULL)) {
	return PCMK_OCF_UNKNOWN_ERROR;
	}

	if (pcmk__str_eq(op->standard, PCMK_RESOURCE_CLASS_LSB, pcmk__str_casei)
	&& pcmk__str_eq(op->action, "status", pcmk__str_casei)) {

	return PCMK_LSB_STATUS_NOT_INSTALLED;
	}

	#if SUPPORT_NAGIOS
	if (pcmk__str_eq(op->standard, PCMK_RESOURCE_CLASS_NAGIOS, pcmk__str_casei)) {
	return NAGIOS_STATE_UNKNOWN;
	}
	#endif

	return PCMK_OCF_NOT_INSTALLED;
	}

	/*!
	* \internal
	* \brief Return agent standard's exit status for "insufficient privileges"
	*
	* When returning an internal error for an action, a value that is appropriate
	* to the action's agent standard must be used. This function returns a value
	* appropriate for "insufficient privileges" errors.
	*
	* \param[in] op Action that error is for
	*
	* \return Exit status appropriate to agent standard
	* \note Actions without a standard will get PCMK_OCF_UNKNOWN_ERROR.
	*/
	int
	services__authorization_error(svc_action_t *op)
	{
	if ((op == NULL) \|\| (op->standard == NULL)) {
	return PCMK_OCF_UNKNOWN_ERROR;
	}

	if (pcmk__str_eq(op->standard, PCMK_RESOURCE_CLASS_LSB, pcmk__str_casei)
	&& pcmk__str_eq(op->action, "status", pcmk__str_casei)) {

	return PCMK_LSB_STATUS_INSUFFICIENT_PRIV;
	}

	#if SUPPORT_NAGIOS
	if (pcmk__str_eq(op->standard, PCMK_RESOURCE_CLASS_NAGIOS, pcmk__str_casei)) {
	return NAGIOS_INSUFFICIENT_PRIV;
	}
	#endif

	return PCMK_OCF_INSUFFICIENT_PRIV;
	}

	/*!
	* \internal
	* \brief Return agent standard's exit status for "not configured"
	*
	* When returning an internal error for an action, a value that is appropriate
	* to the action's agent standard must be used. This function returns a value
	* appropriate for "not configured" errors.
	*
	* \param[in] op Action that error is for
	* \param[in] is_fatal Whether problem is cluster-wide instead of only local
	*
	* \return Exit status appropriate to agent standard
	* \note Actions without a standard will get PCMK_OCF_UNKNOWN_ERROR.
	*/
	int
	services__configuration_error(svc_action_t *op, bool is_fatal)
	{
	if ((op == NULL) \|\| (op->standard == NULL)) {
	return PCMK_OCF_UNKNOWN_ERROR;
	}

	if (pcmk__str_eq(op->standard, PCMK_RESOURCE_CLASS_LSB, pcmk__str_casei)
	&& pcmk__str_eq(op->action, "status", pcmk__str_casei)) {

	return PCMK_LSB_NOT_CONFIGURED;
	}

	#if SUPPORT_NAGIOS
	if (pcmk__str_eq(op->standard, PCMK_RESOURCE_CLASS_NAGIOS, pcmk__str_casei)) {
	return NAGIOS_STATE_UNKNOWN;
	}
	#endif

	return is_fatal? PCMK_OCF_NOT_CONFIGURED : PCMK_OCF_INVALID_PARAM;
	}


	/*!
	* \internal
	* \brief Set operation rc and status per errno from stat(), fork() or execvp()
	*
	* \param[in,out] op Operation to set rc and status for
	* \param[in] error Value of errno after system call
	*
	* \return void
	*/
	void
	services__handle_exec_error(svc_action_t * op, int error)
	{
	switch (error) { /* see execve(2), stat(2) and fork(2) */
	case ENOENT: /* No such file or directory */
	case EISDIR: /* Is a directory */
	case ENOTDIR: /* Path component is not a directory */
	case EINVAL: /* Invalid executable format */
	case ENOEXEC: /* Invalid executable format */
	services__set_result(op, services__not_installed_error(op),
	PCMK_EXEC_NOT_INSTALLED, pcmk_rc_str(error));
	break;
	case EACCES: /* permission denied (various errors) */
	case EPERM: /* permission denied (various errors) */
	services__set_result(op, services__authorization_error(op),
	PCMK_EXEC_ERROR, pcmk_rc_str(error));
	break;
	default:
	services__set_result(op, services__generic_error(op),
	PCMK_EXEC_ERROR, pcmk_rc_str(error));
	}
	}

	/*!
	* \internal
	* \brief Exit a child process that failed before executing agent
	*
	* \param[in] op Action that failed
	* \param[in] exit_status Exit status code to use
	* \param[in] exit_reason Exit reason to output if for OCF agent
	*/
	static void
	exit_child(svc_action_t op, int exit_status, const char exit_reason)
	{
	if ((op != NULL) && (exit_reason != NULL)
	&& pcmk__str_eq(op->standard, PCMK_RESOURCE_CLASS_OCF,
	pcmk__str_none)) {
	fprintf(stderr, PCMK_OCF_REASON_PREFIX "%s\n", exit_reason);
	}
	_exit(exit_status);
	}

	static void
	action_launch_child(svc_action_t *op)
	{
	int rc;

	/* SIGPIPE is ignored (which is different from signal blocking) by the gnutls library.
	* Depending on the libqb version in use, libqb may set SIGPIPE to be ignored as well.
	* We do not want this to be inherited by the child process. By resetting this the signal
	* to the default behavior, we avoid some potential odd problems that occur during OCF
	* scripts when SIGPIPE is ignored by the environment. */
	signal(SIGPIPE, SIG_DFL);

	#if defined(HAVE_SCHED_SETSCHEDULER)
	if (sched_getscheduler(0) != SCHED_OTHER) {
	struct sched_param sp;

	memset(&sp, 0, sizeof(sp));
	sp.sched_priority = 0;

	if (sched_setscheduler(0, SCHED_OTHER, &sp) == -1) {
	crm_info("Could not reset scheduling policy for %s", op->id);
	}
	}
	#endif
	if (setpriority(PRIO_PROCESS, 0, 0) == -1) {
	crm_info("Could not reset process priority for %s", op->id);
	}

	/* Man: The call setpgrp() is equivalent to setpgid(0,0)
	* _and_ compiles on BSD variants too
	* need to investigate if it works the same too.
	*/
	setpgid(0, 0);

	pcmk__close_fds_in_child(false);

	/* It would be nice if errors in this function could be reported as
	* execution status (for example, PCMK_EXEC_NO_SECRETS for the secrets error
	* below) instead of exit status. However, we've already forked, so
	* exit status is all we have. At least for OCF actions, we can output an
	* exit reason for the parent to parse.
	*/

	#if SUPPORT_CIBSECRETS
	rc = pcmk__substitute_secrets(op->rsc, op->params);
	if (rc != pcmk_rc_ok) {
	if (pcmk__str_eq(op->action, "stop", pcmk__str_casei)) {
	crm_info("Proceeding with stop operation for %s "
	"despite being unable to load CIB secrets (%s)",
	op->rsc, pcmk_rc_str(rc));
	} else {
	crm_err("Considering %s unconfigured "
	"because unable to load CIB secrets: %s",
	op->rsc, pcmk_rc_str(rc));
	exit_child(op, services__configuration_error(op, false),
	"Unable to load CIB secrets");
	}
	}
	#endif

	add_action_env_vars(op);

	/* Become the desired user */
	if (op->opaque->uid && (geteuid() == 0)) {

	// If requested, set effective group
	if (op->opaque->gid && (setgid(op->opaque->gid) < 0)) {
	crm_err("Considering %s unauthorized because could not set "
	"child group to %d: %s",
	op->id, op->opaque->gid, strerror(errno));
	exit_child(op, services__authorization_error(op),
	"Could not set group for child process");
	}

	// Erase supplementary group list
	// (We could do initgroups() if we kept a copy of the username)
	if (setgroups(0, NULL) < 0) {
	crm_err("Considering %s unauthorized because could not "
	"clear supplementary groups: %s", op->id, strerror(errno));
	exit_child(op, services__authorization_error(op),
	"Could not clear supplementary groups for child process");
	}

	// Set effective user
	if (setuid(op->opaque->uid) < 0) {
	crm_err("Considering %s unauthorized because could not set user "
	"to %d: %s", op->id, op->opaque->uid, strerror(errno));
	exit_child(op, services__authorization_error(op),
	"Could not set user for child process");
	}
	}

	// Execute the agent (doesn't return if successful)
	execvp(op->opaque->exec, op->opaque->args);

	// An earlier stat() should have avoided most possible errors
	rc = errno;
	services__handle_exec_error(op, rc);
	crm_err("Unable to execute %s: %s", op->id, strerror(rc));
	exit_child(op, op->rc, "Child process was unable to execute file");
	}

	/*!
	* \internal
	* \brief Wait for synchronous action to complete, and set its result
	*
	* \param[in] op Action to wait for
	* \param[in] data Child signal data
	*/
	static void
	wait_for_sync_result(svc_action_t op, struct sigchld_data_s data)
	{
	int status = 0;
	int timeout = op->timeout;
	time_t start = time(NULL);
	struct pollfd fds[3];
	int wait_rc = 0;
	const char *wait_reason = NULL;

	fds[0].fd = op->opaque->stdout_fd;
	fds[0].events = POLLIN;
	fds[0].revents = 0;

	fds[1].fd = op->opaque->stderr_fd;
	fds[1].events = POLLIN;
	fds[1].revents = 0;

	fds[2].fd = sigchld_open(data);
	fds[2].events = POLLIN;
	fds[2].revents = 0;

	crm_trace("Waiting for %s[%d]", op->id, op->pid);
	do {
	int poll_rc = poll(fds, 3, timeout);

	wait_reason = NULL;

	if (poll_rc > 0) {
	if (fds[0].revents & POLLIN) {
	svc_read_output(op->opaque->stdout_fd, op, FALSE);
	}

	if (fds[1].revents & POLLIN) {
	svc_read_output(op->opaque->stderr_fd, op, TRUE);
	}

	if ((fds[2].revents & POLLIN) && sigchld_received(fds[2].fd)) {
	wait_rc = waitpid(op->pid, &status, WNOHANG);

	if ((wait_rc > 0) \|\| ((wait_rc < 0) && (errno == ECHILD))) {
	// Child process exited or doesn't exist
	break;

	} else if (wait_rc < 0) {
	wait_reason = pcmk_rc_str(errno);
	crm_info("Wait for completion of %s[%d] failed: %s "
	CRM_XS " source=waitpid",
	op->id, op->pid, wait_reason);
	wait_rc = 0; // Act as if process is still running
	}
	}

	} else if (poll_rc == 0) {
	// Poll timed out with no descriptors ready
	timeout = 0;
	break;

	} else if ((poll_rc < 0) && (errno != EINTR)) {
	wait_reason = pcmk_rc_str(errno);
	crm_info("Wait for completion of %s[%d] failed: %s "
	CRM_XS " source=poll", op->id, op->pid, wait_reason);
	break;
	}

	timeout = op->timeout - (time(NULL) - start) * 1000;

	} while ((op->timeout < 0 \|\| timeout > 0));

	crm_trace("Stopped waiting for %s[%d]", op->id, op->pid);
	finish_op_output(op, true);
	finish_op_output(op, false);
	close_op_input(op);
	sigchld_close(fds[2].fd);

	if (wait_rc <= 0) {

	if ((op->timeout > 0) && (timeout <= 0)) {
	services__set_result(op, services__generic_error(op),
	PCMK_EXEC_TIMEOUT,
	"Process did not exit within specified timeout");
	crm_info("%s[%d] timed out after %dms",
	op->id, op->pid, op->timeout);

	} else {
	services__set_result(op, services__generic_error(op),
	PCMK_EXEC_ERROR, wait_reason);
	}

	/* If only child hasn't been successfully waited for, yet.
	This is to limit killing wrong target a bit more. */
	if ((wait_rc == 0) && (waitpid(op->pid, &status, WNOHANG) == 0)) {
	if (kill(op->pid, SIGKILL)) {
	crm_warn("Could not kill rogue child %s[%d]: %s",
	op->id, op->pid, pcmk_rc_str(errno));
	}
	/* Safe to skip WNOHANG here as we sent non-ignorable signal. */
	while ((waitpid(op->pid, &status, 0) == (pid_t) -1)
	&& (errno == EINTR)) {
	/* keep waiting */;
	}
	}

	} else if (WIFEXITED(status)) {
	services__set_result(op, WEXITSTATUS(status), PCMK_EXEC_DONE, NULL);
	parse_exit_reason_from_stderr(op);
	crm_info("%s[%d] exited with status %d", op->id, op->pid, op->rc);

	} else if (WIFSIGNALED(status)) {
	int signo = WTERMSIG(status);

	services__set_result(op, services__generic_error(op), PCMK_EXEC_ERROR,
	"Process interrupted by signal");
	crm_info("%s[%d] terminated with signal %d (%s)",
	op->id, op->pid, signo, strsignal(signo));

	#ifdef WCOREDUMP
	if (WCOREDUMP(status)) {
	crm_warn("%s[%d] dumped core", op->id, op->pid);
	}
	#endif

	} else {
	// Shouldn't be possible to get here
	services__set_result(op, services__generic_error(op), PCMK_EXEC_ERROR,
	"Unable to wait for child to complete");
	}
	}

	/*!
	* \internal
	* \brief Execute an action whose standard uses executable files
	*
	* \param[in] op Action to execute
	*
	* \return Standard Pacemaker return value
	* \retval EBUSY Recurring operation could not be initiated
	* \retval pcmk_rc_error Synchronous action failed
	* \retval pcmk_rc_ok Synchronous action succeeded, or asynchronous action
	* should not be freed (because it's pending or because
	* it failed to execute and was already freed)
	*
	* \note If the return value for an asynchronous action is not pcmk_rc_ok, the
	* caller is responsible for freeing the action.
	*/
	int
	services__execute_file(svc_action_t *op)
	{
	int stdout_fd[2];
	int stderr_fd[2];
	int stdin_fd[2] = {-1, -1};
	int rc;
	struct stat st;
	struct sigchld_data_s data;

	// Catch common failure conditions early
	if (stat(op->opaque->exec, &st) != 0) {
	rc = errno;
	crm_info("Cannot execute '%s': %s " CRM_XS " stat rc=%d",
	op->opaque->exec, pcmk_strerror(rc), rc);
	services__handle_exec_error(op, rc);
	goto done;
	}

	if (pipe(stdout_fd) < 0) {
	rc = errno;
	crm_info("Cannot execute '%s': %s " CRM_XS " pipe(stdout) rc=%d",
	op->opaque->exec, pcmk_strerror(rc), rc);
	services__handle_exec_error(op, rc);
	goto done;
	}

	if (pipe(stderr_fd) < 0) {
	rc = errno;

	close_pipe(stdout_fd);

	crm_info("Cannot execute '%s': %s " CRM_XS " pipe(stderr) rc=%d",
	op->opaque->exec, pcmk_strerror(rc), rc);
	services__handle_exec_error(op, rc);
	goto done;
	}

	if (pcmk_is_set(pcmk_get_ra_caps(op->standard), pcmk_ra_cap_stdin)) {
	if (pipe(stdin_fd) < 0) {
	rc = errno;

	close_pipe(stdout_fd);
	close_pipe(stderr_fd);

	crm_info("Cannot execute '%s': %s " CRM_XS " pipe(stdin) rc=%d",
	op->opaque->exec, pcmk_strerror(rc), rc);
	services__handle_exec_error(op, rc);
	goto done;
	}
	}

	if (op->synchronous && !sigchld_setup(&data)) {
	close_pipe(stdin_fd);
	close_pipe(stdout_fd);
	close_pipe(stderr_fd);
	sigchld_cleanup(&data);
	services__set_result(op, services__generic_error(op), PCMK_EXEC_ERROR,
	"Could not manage signals for child process");
	goto done;
	}

	op->pid = fork();
	switch (op->pid) {
	case -1:
	rc = errno;
	close_pipe(stdin_fd);
	close_pipe(stdout_fd);
	close_pipe(stderr_fd);

	crm_info("Cannot execute '%s': %s " CRM_XS " fork rc=%d",
	op->opaque->exec, pcmk_strerror(rc), rc);
	services__handle_exec_error(op, rc);
	if (op->synchronous) {
	sigchld_cleanup(&data);
	}
	goto done;
	break;

	case 0: /* Child */
	close(stdout_fd[0]);
	close(stderr_fd[0]);
	if (stdin_fd[1] >= 0) {
	close(stdin_fd[1]);
	}
	if (STDOUT_FILENO != stdout_fd[1]) {
	if (dup2(stdout_fd[1], STDOUT_FILENO) != STDOUT_FILENO) {
	crm_warn("Can't redirect output from '%s': %s "
	CRM_XS " errno=%d",
	op->opaque->exec, pcmk_rc_str(errno), errno);
	}
	close(stdout_fd[1]);
	}
	if (STDERR_FILENO != stderr_fd[1]) {
	if (dup2(stderr_fd[1], STDERR_FILENO) != STDERR_FILENO) {
	crm_warn("Can't redirect error output from '%s': %s "
	CRM_XS " errno=%d",
	op->opaque->exec, pcmk_rc_str(errno), errno);
	}
	close(stderr_fd[1]);
	}
	if ((stdin_fd[0] >= 0) &&
	(STDIN_FILENO != stdin_fd[0])) {
	if (dup2(stdin_fd[0], STDIN_FILENO) != STDIN_FILENO) {
	crm_warn("Can't redirect input to '%s': %s "
	CRM_XS " errno=%d",
	op->opaque->exec, pcmk_rc_str(errno), errno);
	}
	close(stdin_fd[0]);
	}

	if (op->synchronous) {
	sigchld_cleanup(&data);
	}

	action_launch_child(op);
	CRM_ASSERT(0); /* action_launch_child is effectively noreturn */
	}

	/* Only the parent reaches here */
	close(stdout_fd[1]);
	close(stderr_fd[1]);
	if (stdin_fd[0] >= 0) {
	close(stdin_fd[0]);
	}

	op->opaque->stdout_fd = stdout_fd[0];
	rc = pcmk__set_nonblocking(op->opaque->stdout_fd);
	if (rc != pcmk_rc_ok) {
	crm_info("Could not set '%s' output non-blocking: %s "
	CRM_XS " rc=%d",
	op->opaque->exec, pcmk_rc_str(rc), rc);
	}

	op->opaque->stderr_fd = stderr_fd[0];
	rc = pcmk__set_nonblocking(op->opaque->stderr_fd);
	if (rc != pcmk_rc_ok) {
	crm_info("Could not set '%s' error output non-blocking: %s "
	CRM_XS " rc=%d",
	op->opaque->exec, pcmk_rc_str(rc), rc);
	}

	op->opaque->stdin_fd = stdin_fd[1];
	if (op->opaque->stdin_fd >= 0) {
	// using buffer behind non-blocking-fd here - that could be improved
	// as long as no other standard uses stdin_fd assume stonith
	rc = pcmk__set_nonblocking(op->opaque->stdin_fd);
	if (rc != pcmk_rc_ok) {
	crm_info("Could not set '%s' input non-blocking: %s "
	CRM_XS " fd=%d,rc=%d", op->opaque->exec,
	pcmk_rc_str(rc), op->opaque->stdin_fd, rc);
	}
	pipe_in_action_stdin_parameters(op);
	// as long as we are handling parameters directly in here just close
	close(op->opaque->stdin_fd);
	op->opaque->stdin_fd = -1;
	}

	// after fds are setup properly and before we plug anything into mainloop
	if (op->opaque->fork_callback) {
	op->opaque->fork_callback(op);
	}

	if (op->synchronous) {
	wait_for_sync_result(op, &data);
	sigchld_cleanup(&data);
	goto done;
	}

	crm_trace("Waiting async for '%s'[%d]", op->opaque->exec, op->pid);
	mainloop_child_add_with_flags(op->pid, op->timeout, op->id, op,
	pcmk_is_set(op->flags, SVC_ACTION_LEAVE_GROUP)? mainloop_leave_pid_group : 0,
	async_action_complete);

	op->opaque->stdout_gsource = mainloop_add_fd(op->id,
	G_PRIORITY_LOW,
	op->opaque->stdout_fd, op,
	&stdout_callbacks);
	op->opaque->stderr_gsource = mainloop_add_fd(op->id,
	G_PRIORITY_LOW,
	op->opaque->stderr_fd, op,
	&stderr_callbacks);
	services_add_inflight_op(op);
	return pcmk_rc_ok;

	done:
	if (op->synchronous) {
	return (op->rc == PCMK_OCF_OK)? pcmk_rc_ok : pcmk_rc_error;
	} else {
	return services__finalize_async_op(op);
	}
	}

	GList *
	services_os_get_single_directory_list(const char *root, gboolean files, gboolean executable)
	{
	GList *list = NULL;
	struct dirent **namelist;
	int entries = 0, lpc = 0;
	char buffer[PATH_MAX];

	entries = scandir(root, &namelist, NULL, alphasort);
	if (entries <= 0) {
	return list;
	}

	for (lpc = 0; lpc < entries; lpc++) {
	struct stat sb;

	if ('.' == namelist[lpc]->d_name[0]) {
	free(namelist[lpc]);
	continue;
	}

	snprintf(buffer, sizeof(buffer), "%s/%s", root, namelist[lpc]->d_name);

	if (stat(buffer, &sb)) {
	continue;
	}

	if (S_ISDIR(sb.st_mode)) {
	if (files) {
	free(namelist[lpc]);
	continue;
	}

	} else if (S_ISREG(sb.st_mode)) {
	if (files == FALSE) {
	free(namelist[lpc]);
	continue;

	} else if (executable
	&& (sb.st_mode & S_IXUSR) == 0
	&& (sb.st_mode & S_IXGRP) == 0 && (sb.st_mode & S_IXOTH) == 0) {
	free(namelist[lpc]);
	continue;
	}
	}

	list = g_list_append(list, strdup(namelist[lpc]->d_name));

	free(namelist[lpc]);
	}

	free(namelist);
	return list;
	}

	GList *
	services_os_get_directory_list(const char *root, gboolean files, gboolean executable)
	{
	GList *result = NULL;
	char *dirs = strdup(root);
	char *dir = NULL;

	if (pcmk__str_empty(dirs)) {
	free(dirs);
	return result;
	}

	for (dir = strtok(dirs, ":"); dir != NULL; dir = strtok(NULL, ":")) {
	GList *tmp = services_os_get_single_directory_list(dir, files, executable);

	if (tmp) {
	result = g_list_concat(result, tmp);
	}
	}

	free(dirs);

	return result;
	}

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